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The Healthy Human Body CHAPTER 9 Learning Objectives • Describe body systems and define key anatomical terms • Describe each of the body systems: • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Nervous • Circulatory • Respiratory • Urinary • Gastrointestinal • Endocrine • Reproductive • Immune and lymphatic Body Systems and Anatomical Terms Homeostasis Body systems Organs Cells Tissues Integumentary System What does it do? • Largest organ and system • Protective covering • Sense organ How does it change? • Thinner, drier, fragile, itchy • Thinner, gray hair • Wrinkles and brown spots • Brittle nails • Thinning fatty tissue How can you help? • Lotion • Be gentle • Layer clothing • Do NOT cut toenails • Encourage fluids Musculoskeletal System What does it do? • Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage • Move the body, protect organs, provide heat How does it change? • Muscles weaken and lose tone • Slower body movement • Brittle bones • Stiff and painful joints • Loss of height How can you help? • Prevent falls • Promote self-care • Encourage regular movement Nervous System What does it do? • Control and message center • CNS and PNS How does it change? • Slower responses and reflexes • Decreased sensitivity • Short-term memory loss How can you help? • Allow time • Avoid sudden changes • Do NOT rush • Encourage mental stimulation Sense Organs (part of the Nervous System) What does it do? • Contain receptors that relay information to the nerves How does it change? • Decreased vision, hearing and senses • Sense of balance How can you help? • Keep eyeglasses and hearing aids clean • Proper lighting • Speak slow and clear • Repeat words when needed • Use caution with hot drinks and hot bath water Circulatory System What does it do? • Heart, blood vessels, and blood • Supplies food, oxygen and hormones to cells How does it change? • Less efficient pumping • Decreased blood flow • Narrowed blood vessels How can you help? • Encourage movement • Assist with ROM • Allow time • Warmth Inspiration Respiratory System What does it do? • Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange How does it change? • Decreased lung strength and capacity • Decreased oxygen in blood • Weakened voice How can you help? • Encourage movement • Rest periods • Deep breathing exercises • Assist to sit up Expiration Respiration Urinary System What does it do? • Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, meatus • Eliminate waste • Maintain water balance How does it change? • Decreased kidney function • Weakened bladder • Increased risk of infection How can you help? • Encourage fluids • Offer frequent trips to bathroom • Do NOT get frustrated • Keep clean and dry Gastrointestinal System What does it do? • GI tract and accessory digestive organs • Peristalsis, digestion, elimination How does it change? • Decreased saliva production • Dulled sense of taste • Decreased absorption • Longer digestion • Slower elimination How can you help? • Encourage fluids and nutritious meals • Allow time • Regular oral care Endocrine System What does it do? • Glands in different areas of the body • Maintain homeostasis How does it change? • Decreased hormone levels • Decreased insulin levels • Decreased ability to handle stress How can you help? • Encourage proper nutrition • Eliminate or reduce stressors • Offer encouragement and listen Reproductive System What does it do? How does it change? How can you help? • Reproductive organs • Allows reproduction • Men: decreased sperm production and enlarged prostate • Women: menopause, decreased estrogen, brittle bones, drier and thinner vaginal walls • Provide privacy • Respect sexual needs • Report inappropriate behavior Male Reproductive System Immune and Lymphatic Systems What does it do? How does it change? How can you help? • Immune • Protects the body from disease • Lymphatic • Removes excess fluids and waste from tissues • Weakened immune system • Decreased number and size of lymph nodes • Decreased vaccine response • Infection prevention • Encourage proper nutrition and fluid intake • Take accurate vital signs Review • Organization of the body • Anatomical terms • Various body systems • What they do • How it changes • How you can help
