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Culture: • Shared products of human groups (society) • Learned human behaviors patterns • Includes the physical and abstract: • Material Culture: things, artifacts, physical objects • Nonmaterial Culture: the abstract- ideas, beliefs, symbols 3 Layers of Culture – Traits: body of cultural traditions that distinguish your specific society; an individual tool, act or belief – Culture Complexes are interrelated traits; ex. Everything needed to eat or everything needed to play soccer – Culture complexes form Patterns: the “whole,’’ what is typically studied by sociologists. Ex: the pattern of American athletics Cultural Universals: • Features common to ALL cultures • learned behavior patterns shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where people live in the world, they share these universal traits. 5 Components of Culture: 1. Technology: combination of objects and the rules for using them 2. Symbols– anything that stands for something else and people RECOGNIZE and AGREE on its meaning. 3. Language—how the spoken/written word is organized into a standard system all use 4. Values—shared beliefs about good/bad; wanted/unwanted; right/wrong, etc. 5. Norms—shared rules of conduct created to enforce one’s culture and guide social behavior (expectations for behavior) 1. Folkways: norms for socially acceptable behavior; no real moral significance; non-conformity OK 2. Mores: norms of GREAT moral significance! CONFORMITY A MUST FOR STABILITY! 3. Laws: written rules of conduct, implemented by the govt. Culture vs. Society • Cultures are learned behavior patterns. • Societies are: Group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to SHARE common culture Cultural Variation • Ethnocentrism- view your own culture superior to anyone else’s • Cultural relativism- belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of your culture. • Subculture/Counterculture: • Groups with their own values, norms, behaviors (unique traits) that are NOT shared by entire population—subculture. Don’t reject all values of larger society (live among) • Groups that challenge and reject values, norms, behaviors of larger society and replace with a new set of cultural patterns— counterculture (within). Can pose a threat to society.