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Earth’s Structures and Earthquake Study Guide
Name ______________________________
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Continental crust made up mainly of ___________ and oceanic crust is made up mainly of ____________.
___________________________is the indirect method geologists most often use to study Earth's interior?
Earth’s layers from outside in are___________________________________.
Earth's mantle is a layer of __________________________.
Earth's inner core is a ________________________.
Earth's magnetic field results from the _________________________________________________.
According to Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift,__________________________________________________.
In the process of sea-floor spreading molten material rises from the mantle and erupts along
__________________________of the world.
9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks through a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as
______________.
10. Most geologists think the movement of Earth's crustal plates is caused by______________________________.
11. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the
_________________________.
12. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a ______________________.
13. The place where two plates are moving toward one another is called a ____________________________________.
14. A rift valley forms on land where two plates are _______________________.
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As depth beneath Earth's surface increases, ____________________________________.
Pangaea is the _______________________________________________________________.
Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a ___________________.
The mid-ocean ridge is created by _________________________ under the ocean and is
_______________________________________.
19. Deep wells and mine shafts only go into the _______ of the Earth. They never get near the mantle due to the depth.
20. The Earth’s mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises
again, constantly repeating the cycle. This cycle, which causes the Earth’s crust to move, is known as a
____________________________.
21. Evidence used to support the theory of continental drift included_______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
22. Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth's ______________________.
23. Where the seafloor spreads along the mid-ocean ridge there is a _________________________________.
24. ___________________________ is the type of stress force that produces ___________________________.
25. The type of stress that moves a mass of rock forming a _________________________ is called ___________________.
26. Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves ____________________________.
27. The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and expanding the ground like an
accordion are called _______________.
28. In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little up-or-down motion.
29. The ___________________ would most likely be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and
other buildings.
30. A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is called an ____________________.
31. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a ______________________.
32. A rift valley forms at a __________________________.
33. Earth’s magnetic field is believed to result from _________________________________________________________.
34. A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level is called a _______________________.
35. A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a ______________________.
36. The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the ___________.
37. Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by _________________________________.
38. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a ___________________________.
39. The section of rock that moves upward in a reverse fault is called the __________________________.
40. When earthquakes under the ocean cause the ocean floor to raise suddenly,
____________________________________________________.
Earth’s Structures and Earthquake Study Guide
1. Continental crust is made up mainly of granite and oceanic crust is made up mainly of basalt.
2. Studying seismic waves is the indirect method geologists most often use to study Earth's
interior.
3. Earth’s layers from outside in are crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.
4. Earth's mantle is a layer of plastic-like hot rock.
5. Earth's inner core is a dense ball of solid metal.
6. Earth's magnetic field results from the spinning of the inner core.
7. According to Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift, the continents were once a single
landmass.
8. In the process of sea-floor spreading molten material rises from the mantle and erupts along
the mid-ocean ridges of the world.
9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks through a deep-ocean trench and back into the
mantle is known as subduction.
10. Most geologists think the movement of Earth's crustal plates is caused by convection
currents.
11. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow
motion is the plate tectonics.
12. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a
transform boundary.
13. The place where two plates are moving toward one another is called a convergent boundary.
14. A rift valley forms on land where two plates are diverging.
15. As depth beneath Earth's surface increases, temperature and pressure increase.
16. Pangaea is the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
17. Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a fossil.
18. The mid-ocean ridge is created by diverging boundaries under the ocean and is the longest
mountain chain in the world.
19. Deep wells and mine shafts only go into the crust of the Earth. They never get near the
mantle due to the depth.
20. The Earth’s mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the mantle, cools,
then sinks, reheats, and rises again, constantly repeating the cycle. This cycle, which
causes the Earth’s crust to move, is known as a convection current.
21. Evidence used to support the theory of continental drift included the continents fit like a
puzzle, similar fossils on different continents, and mountains in South America and
Africa line up.
22. Scientists think that convection currents flow in Earth's asthenosphere.
23. Where the seafloor spreads along the mid-ocean ridge there is a divergent boundary.
24. Compression is the type of stress force that produces reverse faults.
25. The type of stress that moves a mass of rock forming a divergent boundary is called
tension.
26. Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move much slower.
27. The type of seismic waves that arrive at the surface first and move by compressing and
expanding the ground like an accordion are called P waves.
28. In a strike-slip fault, the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with
little up-or-down motion.
29. The Mercalli scale would most likely be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done
to homes and other buildings.
30. A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is called an anticline.
31. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a
transform boundary.
32. A rift valley forms at a divergent boundary.
33. Earth’s magnetic field is believed to result from rotation of the inner core.
34. A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level is called a plateau.
35. A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a
mountain range.
36. The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake
is called the focus.
37. Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by convection currents.
38. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example
of a strike-slip fault.
39. The section of rock that moves upward in a reverse
fault is called the hanging wall.
40. When earthquakes under the ocean cause the ocean floor to raise suddenly, earthquakes,
tsunamis and aftershocks can occur.