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LAYFIELD’S GMAS STUDY GUIDE SERIES
STUDY GUIDE #3: ENERGY FLOW AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
1. There is a population of frogs in a small pond. List two things that
could happen to make the population grow. MORE FOOD, FEWER PREDATORS
2. List two things that could happen to make the population shrink. LESS
FOOD, MORE PREDATORS
3. What is the difference between a biotic and an abiotic factor? Give an
example of each. Biotic – Living – Predators thin herd of deer, Abiotic –
Non-Living – Natural Disaster (tornado) wipes out herd of deer.
4. Give an example of a predator-prey relationship. LION eats WILDEBEEST!
5. What level of the energy pyramid for an ecosystem will have the largest
population? What level will have the smallest population? LARGEST –
Bottom, SMALLEST – Top, Pyramid shape corresponds with size of populations
at each level.
6. Explain how energy flows through an energy pyramid from bottom to top.
Every level eats/gets energy from the level below it and decomposers
return energy from top to bottom.
7. Draw a food chain including the following organisms: Grasshoppers,
Chameleons, Grasses, Domestic Cat, Blue Jays.
GrassesGrasshoppersChameleons Blue Jays  Cats
8. Draw a food web including the following organisms: Plankton, Seaweed,
Sea Grass, Snails
Insects, Minnows, Crabs, Flounder, Seagull, Osprey (Seahawk).
predator/prey relationships
Shows ALL
9. What do the direction of the arrows in a food web or chain tell you?
Energy transfers from whats being eaten from what is doing the eating (ex:
DeerWolf)
10. What role do bacteria play in food webs? Decomposers – recycle dead
organisms.
11. What could happen if an organism in a food web disappears or goes
extinct? All other organisms/food sources are impacted.
12. What are producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and
tertiary consumers – Give an example of each. Producers get energy from
the sun (Grass), Primary consumers eat producers (Grasshopper), Secondary
consumers eat primary consumers (Chameleon), Tertiary consumers eat
secondary consumers (Blue Jay)
13. What types of organisms get energy directly from the sun?
Producers/Autotrophs
14. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph. Give an
example of each. Autotroph-make own food from sun (Plants, some protists—
algae), Heterotroph – Has to get food from other sources (Everything
else).
15. What happens to most of the energy consumed by organisms? It is used
for day to day activities.
16. What is the difference between herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores?
Give an example of each. Herbivore – plant eater (giraffe), Carnivore –
meat eater (tiger), Omnivore – eats both (raccoon, you)
17. What is symbiosis? A relationship between two species
18. What is mutualism? Both organisms get a benefit (Think FINDING NEMO –
clown fish, sea anemone)
19. What is commensalism? One gets a benefit, the other is neither helped
nor hurt.
20. What is parasitism? One hurts the other (Leeches, ticks, tapeworms,
etc.)
21. Which of the above is represented by a barnacle living on a scallop
shell where the barnacle gets the benefit of a place to live and the
scallop is neither harmed nor helped? COMMENSALISM
22. Explain how all energy comes from the sun by drawing a food chain
containing 5 organisms with the sun at the beginning?
SUN –-> ALGAE –-> SHRIMP TUNA  BARRACUDA