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Transcript
WORLD HISTORY NOTES Ancient Egypt DATE: _________________ Egypt was different from Sumer o Egypt was a land of _________, _________, and ___________ diversity throughout its 3,000 year history. o The most important geographic feature of Ancient Egypt was ____________________. The Beginnings of Ancient Egypt o 6,000 B.C. – The first ______________________ begin to settle around the Nile River. o 3,100 B.C. – The King of Upper Egypt named _______________, united Upper and Lower Egypt. o Menes makes the city of _____________ his capital city. Egypt’s Pharaohs ruled as _______! o Pharaohs were Gods. (Different from Mesopotamia civilizations…Kings were ____________________ of gods). o Pharaohs were the center of Egypt’s ____________, _____________, and ____________. o Would Egyptians ever question a Pharaoh’s decision? Why? Hieroglyphics o A form of Egyptian writing based on ____________ characters for words and sounds. Rosetta Stone o The Rosetta Stone carries an inscription in different languages, which helped ___________the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic script. o It is the only ______________ ________________of a larger slab recording a decree on March 27th, 196 B.C. Social Classes in Ancient Egypt Menes & The Old Kingdom o Members of Mene’s family passed the ___________ ___________ of Upper and Lower Egypt from father to son to grandson. A series of rulers from a single family is called a _____________. Ancient Egypt would consist of 31 ______________, spanning 2,800 years. Immortality of the Pharaoh o ____________________________________________ ____________________________. He had an eternal spirit or ______, that continued to take part in the governing of Egypt. o Egyptians also believed that the _____ remained much like a living pharaoh in its ___________ and ________. o Pharaho’s tombs needed the following: _____________________: Artists decorated the walls of the burial chamber with pictures of whatever he might need or like. (Enless __________, loved ones, devoted servants, etc.) Luxuries: ________________, _________________, with precious stones, ___________________. ________________: Writings of what the ____________ ____________ were also found on the tomb walls. The Old Kingdom & Pyramids o The Old Kingdom was the great age of __________________ ________________ in Ancient Egypt. o The pharaohs expected to reign ______________. Their tombs (pyramids were more important than their ________________. Pyramids at Giza o Blocks from the pyramids weighed at least ________ tons. Some weigh up to ________ tons. o ________________ worked on the pyramids in order to be fed during the flood season. o About 80 pyramids still stand in the Egyptian desert. First Illness Brings Ruin o The Old Kingdom comes to an end. o Power of the pharaohs declined. More and more power fell to the ______________ & ______________. Local rulers struggled among ______________ for power. _______________________________________!! Royal Power Returns in the Middle Kingdom (2080-1640 B.C.) o __________ & ______________ returned to Egypt under some strong kings. o _____________________, ____________________ and the arts flourished. o The capital moved from Memphis to ________________ (Two massive Temples were built there). o _____________ _____________ were created by the great trade brought in. o Afterlife for commoners: During the Old Kingdom, only the ________________ had expected to live forever. During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians came to believe that ______________________ had eternal souls as well. Second Illness Brings Ruin Again o Civil War breaks out again. o Egypt became prey to outside invaders. o Egyptians ruled by __________ (Asian Nomads). o They ruled from 1640-1570 B.C. o Egyptians despised the _______ _____________ Hyksos. Above: Coffin of a Middle Kingdom Official Hyksos Bring New Skills to the Egyptians o Ability to make ______________ for tools and weapons. o Egyptians were using copper prior to the Hyksos invasion. Ability to wage war from _________________________________. o Shooting arrows from a powerful new kind of ____________. o _____________ and ___________ techniques. The New Kingdom: An Age of Empires (1570-1075 B.C.) o This kingdom was more ____________ and _________________ than ever before. o King Tutankhamon ruled during this time period. o Egyptians became ____________________. Professional Army assembled which included: _____________, _______________, ______________. Rule By Queen o Queen ________________ declared herself pharaoh around 1478 B.C. (Her stepson was too young to rule). o She ruled for _______ years. o She was better known for encouraging _________ than waging war. The Temple at Deir-El-Bahri o Hatshepsut was an 18th dynasty pharaoh who was one of a handful of ____________ rulers in Ancient Egypt. o Her reign was the longest of all the female pharaohs and her funerary temple still stands as a tribute to her incredible _________________________________. Queen Hatshepsut Cont… o Carved scenes on her great funeral temple show her officials on a __________ ___________________ to the east African coast, buying myrrh, frankincense, ebony, ___________, & leopard skins. o No one knows whether Hatshepsut died _____________ or was _____________ by her stepson (Thutmose III)……… OR DO WE?!?! Right: Mummy of Queen Hatshepsut A Warrior Pharaoh o Thutmose III proved to be a more warlike ruler than his stepmother. o From 1450 – 1425 B.C., he conducted 15 victorious invasions into ______________ and _________. His armies also pushed south as far as ___________ and returned with ______________ of slaves. Meeting Their Match o By 1300 B.C. – Egyptians came face to face with the ___________________. Their armies met at ______________ in 1288 B.C. They fought each other to a ___________ _____________. The pharaoh and Hittite king made a _____________, promising “peace and brotherhood between us forever.” For the rest of the century the two kingdoms were _______________. An Age of Builders o The Old Kingdom builders built ______________ for their pharaoh’s tombs. The pyramids were too _____________ and easily robbed. o Rulers of the New Kingdom built their tombs beneath _________ __________. The site they chose was the remote ______________________________ near ________________. That’s where they found ________ ________________________. Ramses II o One of the greatest rulers of the New Kingdom was ___________________. o Ramses II reigned for ______ years (1279-1212 B.C.). o He lived to the age of ____ and was the father of ______ children. o Ramses created the giant temple of __________ (Egypt’s chief god) at ____________. o The building were huge and impressive, but they are not as ____________ _________ as those of the Old Kingdom. Right: Statue of Ramses II. Below: Mummy of Ramses. Egypt’s Power Declined o 1200 B.C. – Invasions destroyed many kingdoms. Egyptian records speak of attacks by “____ _________ ___ ____ ______.” Little is known of these invaders, but the destruction they left behind was vast. o Both the Egyptian and ___________ kingdoms fell to these mysterious enemies. o In 671 B.C. ___________ took over Egypt. A century and a half later it was the ___________ turn to conquer Egypt.