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1861-1865
CHAPTER
14
“To Fight to Gain a
Country”: The Civil War
CREATED EQUAL
JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ
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“As I would not be a slave, so I
would not be a master. This
expresses my idea of democracy.
Whatever differs from this…is not
democracy.”
Abraham Lincoln
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TIMELINE
1860
1861
December: South Carolina secedes from the Union
January: Crittenden Compromise defeated in Senate
February: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and
Texas secede from the Union
February: Confederate States of America formed
April: Fort Sumter surrenders to the Confederates
April: Scott given power by Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus
laws
May: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina secede
from Union
July: Battle of Bull Run
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TIMELINE
1862
1863
March: Davis authorizes military conscription law
March: Battle of Elkhorn Tavern
May: Butler’s “Woman Order”
July: Union’s Second Confiscation Act
August: Second battle of Manassas
September: Battle of Antietam Creek
September: Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation of January
October: Twenty-Negro Law passed by Confederate Congress
December: Burnside’s Slaughter Pen
April: Richmond women riot for food
May: Battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Jackson killed.
July: Battle of Gettysburg
August: Quantrill’s army’s destruction of Lawrence, Kansas
November: Lincoln’s address at Gettysburg
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TIMELINE
1864
1865
January: The French occupy Mexico City
September: Sherman overtakes Atlanta
April: Confederates massacre at Fort Pillow
September: Sherman burns Atlanta and marches to Savannah
November: Union massacre of Indians at Sand Creek
April: Grant overpowers Lee at Petersburg, Virginia
April 3: Lincoln enters Richmond
April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant and Meade at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia
April 14: Lincoln assassinated at Ford Theatre
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THE CIVIL WAR
Overview
 Mobilization for War, 1861-1862
 The Course of War, 1862-1864
 The Other War: African-American
Struggles for Liberation
 Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863
 The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy,
1864-1865
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MOBILIZATION FOR WAR,
1861-1862
 The Secession Impulse
 Preparing to Fight
 Barriers to Southern Mobilization
 Indians in the Service of the
Confederacy
 The Ethnic Confederacy
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“As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a
master. This expresses my idea of
democracy. Whatever differs from this…is
not democracy.”Lincoln
 Lincoln elected in 1860 Presidential
Election
 Electoral votes: 180 to 123
 Six out of ten Americans voted for candidates other than
Lincoln
 No votes from the Deep South and only four percent from
upper South
 Republicans failed to gain control in House
 Five Supreme Court Justices upheld institution of slavery
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The Secession Impulse
 Lincoln’s threat to halt slavery expansion to
West
 Lincoln’s appointments to Supreme Court
 The Republican Party in the Executive Branch
 Fear of “Anti-Slave Power Conspiracy”
spreading to South
 Northern evils of unions and women’s rights
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The Secession Impulse
 Crittenden Compromise: would have curtailed
federal government restrictions on slave trade and
its spread
 Peace conference in February of 1861
 Lincoln’s inaugural address appeals to keep
Union together
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Slavery in the United States, 1860
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The Secession Impulse
 December 20, 1860: South Carolina seceded
 February 1, 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded
 February 4, 1861: Confederate States of America
formed
 April 13, 1861: Fort Sumter fell to Confederates
 May, 1861: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North
Carolina seceded
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The Confederate States of America
South Carolina
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
Virginia
Arkansas
Tennessee
North Carolina
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Preparing to Fight
 The South
 Cotton for military support, diplomatic recognition,
and financial assistance from European powers
 Hogs and corn to feed the troops
 A defensive war. They need only fend off the Union
to survive.
 “Our new government is founded upon the great
truth that the negro is not equal to the white man;
that slavery. . .is his natural and normal condition.”
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Preparing to Fight
 The North






Great manufacturing abilities and most of the railroads
Greater population to draw from.
Diverse economy with food and textiles
Anaconda Plan: seal off the South from supply lines
Political offensive to undermine Confederate sympathizers
“. . . Essentially a people’s contest. . .to lift artificial weights
from all shoulders. . .to afford all an unfettered start, and a fair
chance in the race for life.”
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Barriers to Southern Mobilization
 Farmers and ranchers in West switched to Union
after being raided by rebels
 Blockade deprived Confederacy money and
required the South to float bonds, tax farm produce,
and raise taxes
 Failure of volunteer army gave way to conscription
 Wealthy draftees with $300.00 paid someone else to
fight for them
 South with 209,852 versus North force of 527,204
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Occupational
Categories of
Union and
Confederate
Soldiers
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Indians in the Service
of the Confederacy
 Cherokee leader, John Ross committed to
Confederacy
 Stand Watie and the United Nations of Indians
 Battle of Elkhorn Tavern in March 1862
 Indians abandoned the battle and demanded to fight in
their style
 Comanche and Kiowa joined Union troops
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Mescalero
Apache Battle
Confederates,
Central New
Mexico, 1861
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The Ethnic Confederacy
 Judah P. Benjamin, Jewish lawyer and Confederacy cabinet
member
 John Mitchel, Jr., captain of the Irish Volunteers of Charleston
 Lt. Heros von Brocke, Prussian in Stuart’s staff
 French Prince Camile Armand de Polignac, Confederate
brigadier general
 German and Irish immigrant workers
 From New Orleans, Greek, Spanish, Cuban, Scandinavian,
Scottish, Belgian, and Polish immigrants
 2,500 men of Spanish descent, and 2,500 Hispanos
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THE COURSE OF WAR,
1862-1864
 The Republicans’ War
 The Ravages of War
 The Emancipation Proclamation
 Persistent Obstacles to the
Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
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The Republicans’ War
Suspension of habeas corpus
Abolitionists frustrated with Union policies towards slaveholders
War profiteers and the changing face of manufacturing
John D. Rockefeller
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Dorothea Dix
Act to Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers on the Public Domain
Morrill Act (land grant colleges)
Pacific Railroad Act (right-of-way along Platte River)
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The Republicans’ War
Lincoln revoked directive to seize property and emancipated slaves
in effort to not alienate slaveholders on the fence
Capture of Port Royal, SC: blacks treated as “contraband of war”
 Grant captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862
New Orleans fell to Union army in April of 1862
General Butler: returned runaway slaves to Unionist slaveholders
and the Woman Order
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The Ravages of War
 Second Battle of Manassas: 26,000 casualties
 “The Army is full of sick men”: disease claimed
many
 Native Americans
 Pledges unfulfilled
 Rebellion at Wood Lake. 38 Indians hanged
 Apache leader Mangas Colorado murdered
 Carson’s campaign of terror against Navajos
 Antietam Creek: 20,000 casualties
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The Emancipation Proclamation
 January 1, 1863
 All slaves in Confederate territory freed
 Slavery left intact in Border States and territory conquered
by Union (1 million blacks excluded)
 Lincoln favored black colonization in Central America
and West Indies
 Copperheads: Democrats opposed to the war
 Working class resentment rose
 They paid higher taxes as well as lose their lives
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Persistent Obstacles to the
Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
 Union forces established beachheads
on the southern east coast despite the
Merrimack, Alabama, and Florida
 Trent affair and Mason and Slidell
 English textile mills and their workers
 Mexico’s alliance with the Union
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THE OTHER WAR: AFRICANAMERICAN STRUGGLES FOR
LIBERATION
 The Unfolding of Freedom
 Enemies Within the Confederacy
 The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice
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The Unfolding of Freedom
 Black combatants in different forms
 Story of Nancy and Boson Johnson
 Harboring deserters from Confederate army
 New set of personal and public relations
between slaves and owners
 Union soldiers desperate for food and
clothing, raided plantation
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Enemies Within the
Confederacy
 Runaway slaves and individual uprisings
against masters
 July 1862: Second Confiscation Act
 Slaves “shall be deemed captives of war and
shall be forever free”
 Union generals preferred male slaves to use as
manual laborers; women and children ignored
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The Ongoing Fight
Against Prejudice
 Although 33,000 northern blacks enlisted many
were not allowed to fight, were used for menial
labor, denied advancement, paid less than
whites. More black men died of disease than
white men.
 Southern blacks escaped from the South
encountered exploitation, no pay for enlistment,
and raids on their newly accumulated property.
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BATTLE FRONTS AND HOME
FRONTS IN 1863
 Disaffection in the Confederacy
 The Tide Turns Against the South
 Civil Unrest in the North
 The Desperate South
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Disaffection in the
Confederacy
 “scarred and blood-spattered land”
 widespread hunger
 Confederate soldiers desert
 Heroes of America in western North Carolina
and “Free State of Jones County” in northern
Alabama
 Women riot in Richmond for bread (April, 1863)
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The Tide Turns Against
the South
 Burnside’s Slaughter Pen (December,
1862)
 Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863)
 Gettysburg (July, 1863)
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The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863
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Civil Unrest in the North
 High taxes and prices bred resentment
 Working class loss of life; wealthy bought
substitutes for battle
 Draft brought riots to New York City,
Hartford, Troy, Newark, and Boston
 July 11-15: 105 die, burning of Colored
Orphan Asylum and mutilation of victims
 20,000 Union troops sent to New York
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The Desperate South
 August 21, 1863: A day of “fasting, humiliation,
and prayer.”
 Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, Kansas
 French occupation of Mexico
 Austrian Archduke Maximilian
 Grant’s successes at Missonary Ridge and
Lookout Mountain
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THE PROLONGED DEFEAT OF
THE CONFEDERACY, 1864-1865
 “Hard War” Toward African
Americans and Indians
 “Father Abraham”
 Sherman’s March from Atlanta to the
Sea
 The Last Days of the Confederacy
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“Hard War” Toward African
Americans and Indians
 Fort Pillow
 Confederate General Forrest destroys Union
garrison. Black soldiers systematically
murdered, survivors bayoneted or burned to
death.
 Sand Creek
 Union Col. Chivington massacres 125 to 160
Cheyenne and Arapaho
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African Americans in Civil War Battles, 1863-1865
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“Father Abraham”
 Election of 1864
 Lincoln defeats McClellan
 Peace Platform
 Carried majority of army vote: Union troops loyalty to
“Father Abraham”
Popular Vote
Lincoln
2,213,655
McClellan
1,805,237
Electoral Vote
212 (11 secessionist
states did not participate
21
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Sherman’s March from
Atlanta to the Sea
 South’s physical environment
 Nov. 15, Sherman’s army leaves
Atlanta to march to coastline
 Black men work as Corps of Engineers
 Union army burned railroads and left a
devastated landscape
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The Last Days of
the Confederacy
 General Lee in need of troops offered freedom to
slaves who would fight
 April 9th: Lee surrenders at Appomattox
Courthouse
 April 14th: Lincoln shot at the Ford Theatre by
Booth
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