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Created to provide protection from the Huns. Built over 2,000 years ago by Qin Shi Huangdi who named it “Wan-Li QangQeng”. The Great Wall of China Can be seen from Earth orbit, but contrary to legend, cannot be seen from the moon. She expanded her empire and revitalized Russia. She continued Peter the Great’s reforms of the Russian state. She ruled from 1762 to 1796. Catherine the Great He was a famous Carthaginian military commander and tactician He was defeated at the Battle of Zama by Scipio and the Romans Hannibal Barca During the 2nd Punic War he led an army, including war elephants from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into Northern Italy. Built in the ancient city-state of Babylon. Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II c. 600 BC to please his homesick wife who longed for trees and fragrant plants. One of the 7 Wonders of the World. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Al Hillah, Babil in Iraq Originally 480 feet tall and was the tallest man-made structure for 3,800 years. Believed to be a tomb for the pharaoh Khufu. The Last Wonder of the Ancient World. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt Set during the Trojan war, these tell of the quarrel between King Agamemnon and Achilles. These two epic poems are among the oldest works of Western literature and were written c. 8th Century BC. These epic poems were written by Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey He has sometimes been labeled the “Father of Lies” because of his tendency to report bogus information. This important Greek was known for his masterpiece – The Histories (his only known work) which served as an investigation into the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus He is known as the Father of History. This structure was built between 280 and 247 BC on the island of Pharos. It was estimated to be between 393 and 450 feet tall and for centuries was one of the tallest manmade structures on Earth. Was built to guide mariners by night through its fires and reflective mirrors and to be a landmark during the day. Lighthouse of Alexandria One of the Seven Wonders of the World and is also called Pharos of Alexandria. This civilization began in present-day Pakistan. From c. 1500 to 1000 BC warring Aryan tribes came in and took over the civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were important cities in this civilization. Indus River Valley Civilization Veni, vidi, vici – I came, I saw, I conquered. He defeated Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia. Julius Caesar A group of senators, led by his friend Marcus Brutus, assassinated him on the Ides of March (March 15), 44 BC“Et tu, Brute.” The Maid of Orleans – she was canonized in 1920. She claimed “divine guidance” and then led the French to several important victories during the Hundred Years War. She was burned at the stake at age 19. Joan of Arc City located near the Jordan River in West Bank of the Palestinian territories. In Christian belief, this place is the setting for the Parable of the Good Samaritan. It is considered to be the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world. Jericho She was discovered in 1974 at Hadar in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia’s Afar Depression. Her discovery was significant because it provided further evidence that supported the idea that bipedalism preceded increase in brain size in human evolution. Lucy She is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago. Teacher and Healer. Principal sources regarding him are found in four canonical gospels. Jesus Christ Central figure of Christianity. He was baptized by John the Baptist and was crucified by the Romans in Jerusalem on the charge of sedition against the Roman Empire. He was a minor pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egyptian kings . His father was Akhenaton, his mother was Kiya, and his stepmother was Nefertiti. He died when he was 18 or 19 years old. King Tut His tomb was discovered and then excavated by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon and rumors of his curse still circulate today. These kingdoms are located south of Egypt on the Nile River in present-day Sudan. For a period of 1250 years, this kingdom flourished as a unique civilization which, beneath an Egyptian façade, remained profoundly African. Kingdoms of Kush and Axum Well-known for their work with iron; their leaders included Kashta, Piankhi, and Ezana. Mystic philosopher of ancient China and supposed author of Tao Te Ching. He is said to have undergone numerous “transformations” throughout history to initiate the faithful in the Way of the Celestial Master. Founder of Taoism. Lao Tzu He built an empire that stretched from the Persian Gulf through the Tigris and Euphrates valleys and west to the Mediterranean Sea. He ruled for more than 40 years and his reign, or period of power is known as the “Golden Age of Babylon.” Hammurabi of Babylon He is best known for his code of law. Regarded as the first European to land in North America. He established a Norse settlement at Vinland (northern tip on the island of Newfoundland). He was the son of Erik the Red. Leif Eriksson This 5th Pharaoh in the 18th Dynasty in Egypt was well-known for encouraging trade and building temples. Images of her were deliberately erased and destroyed to reduce her popularity as a pharaoh. She was Thutmose III’s stepmother. Hatshepsut This document was issued in 1215. A later version created in 1297 was titled The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest. Magna Carta This was the first document that an English King was forced to sign by his subjects. His title directly translates to “the King of Kings.” A devout Muslim in 1324 AD, he made a pilgrimage to Mecca, taking with him 60,000 men, 12,000 slaves, and 80 camels (each one carrying up to 300 pounds of gold dust). Mansa Musa He was the ruler of the Mali empire. This beautiful structure was first damaged by an earthquake, and then was dismantled and used for its building materials. This white marble structure was built for King Mausolus of Caria. This is the 5th oldest ancient wonder, built in 353 BC. Mausoleum at Halicarnasis The name of this location directly translates to “the Land between Rivers.” Both rivers in this area flow into the Persian Gulf. Mesopotamia This region is commonly referred to as the “Cradle of Civilization.” Orphaned at a young age, this person was raised mainly by his Uncle. His name translates to “Praiseworthy.” In 570 AD he was born in the city of Mecca. Mohammed This civilization lived on the eastern side of the world’s second largest desert. This civilization had great knowledge of surveying, architecture, construction and medicinal practices. This civilization depended on the world’s longest river to sustain their livelihood. Nile River Civilization A.K.A – EGYPT This building was located on a Mediterranean island. When the building was destroyed in 1375 BC it marked the fall of it’s empire. Palace of Knossos Created by famed architect Dedalos, it contained an extensive labyrinth in which live the fabled Minotaur. Most of it’s famous statues can be found in the British Museum It was partially destroyed in 1687 when it was used as an ammo dump. This structure was first built in 438 BC on an acropolis in Athens, Greece. Parthenon in Athens, Greece This person studied under one of history’s most innovative thinkers. He opened his own school of philosophy. Today we associate this brilliant man with a child’s construction material. Plato This person was a major supporter of the Gregorian Reforms. He was elected Pope while in exile from Rome. Pope Urban II At the Council of Clermont, he used the term deus vult to raise troops to fight the Turks… beginning the First Crusade. Created in 196 BC. Discovered in 1799 by French troops. Rosetta Stone This item was written in the three main scripts of the day; Hieroglyphics, Greek, and Demotic. One of history’s most influential thinkers, and never wrote anything down! Credited as one of the founders of Western Philosophy. He was the teacher and mentor for other great thinkers, Plato being one of the most famous. Socrates An important religious figure to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. The builder of the first temple in Jerusalem. He succeeded his father King David. King Solomon This massive item stood over 40 feet tall. It was made out of Ivory and gold-plated plates on a wooden frame. It was created as a shrine to a great historical/mythical figure. Statue of Zeus at Olympia 80 years after it’s destruction, the village in which it once stood completely forgot about it. It was created as a shrine to a goddess. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus Philon of Byzantium said it was the most beautiful of all the ancient wonders… he visited six out of the seven. No two of these are identical. Lost for centuries these were rediscovered in 1974 by local farmers. These were built by Emperor Qui Shi Huang. Terracotta Warriors A clash zone for two great ancient super powers. This location directly translates to “the hot gates.” Thermopylae, Greece The iconic battle that took place here was poorly portrayed in a 2007 box office hit. A city that was once located on the mouth of a river; now sits 10 miles inland. Located in modern day Iraq. The City of Ur Modern day Iraq One of the world’s oldest know cities. Lantian Man, Changyang Man, and Yunxian Man were all discovered here. It was here that the earliest peoples of the East began fishing, cultivating, and planting rice. The longest river in China. Yangtze River Civilization A conqueror of Egypt. Took the throne when her stepson and husband were assassinated, A 3rd century Sumerian Queen. Zenobia This person was credited with bringing the Silk Road under unified control during the 13th century which led to increased trade. He was founder of the Mongol Empire which was the largest contiguous land area empire in the world. Genghis Khan His given name was Temujin This person was tutored by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle and took over the throne after the assassination of his father Philip II He led his army in two decisive battles against the Persians at Issus and Guagamela to defeat the mighty Persian Empire in 334 BC. Alexander the Great His most important contribution was the spread of Greek culture and the establishment of several cities named after himself. This document is an epic poem which is said to be one of the world’s first great pieces of literature. It was written in cuneiform as a collection of Sumerian legends that focused around the exploits of a King. The Epic of Gilgamesh It details the King’s friendship with a wild man named Enkidu and King Gilgamesh’s quest for immortality. He was an important monotheistic religious figure in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. At age 75 he received a vision from God that told him to leave his native land and God would provide him a great nation. Abraham/ Ibrahim He was ordered by God to sacrifice his son Isaac as a test of his faith to God… Isaac was spared at the last minute. This person was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. She is the only woman to serve as the queen of both France and England. Eleanor of Aquitaine She was a great ruler who not only organized a crusade but also is known for her expansion of 12th c Renaissance art and culture. This document contains a list of moral and religious rules that were given by God to the peoples of Israel. First spoken by God and then written on two tablets with his own hand according to tradition. Even though there are ten of them, it actually contains 14 or 15 different instructions. 10 Commandments This document was created around 1550 BC and described the funerary process. The actual title is translated as “The Book of Coming Forth by Day.”. Egyptian Book of the Dead This Egyptian book contains spells to assist the deceased in it’s journey into the afterlife… Call your Mummy if you need help. This person was a student of the Greek Philosopher Plato and later a teacher of world conqueror Alexander the Great. His writings included topics ranging from physics and government to art and biology. Aristotle He is known for creating a classification system for animals and plants that we still use today. This document is a collection of 972 texts found in a series of caves in 1947 in Qumran near the Dead Sea. They are extremely important as they are the oldest surviving copies of Biblical and “extra biblical” texts. Dead Sea Scrolls These scrolls are written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek on parchment and papyrus. This person was an Indian Emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty in India from 269232 BC. He conquered most of India using brutal tactics. He later became a promoter of peace after witnessing the mass murders at the battle of Kilinga; which he was responsible for in his desire to conquer even more territory. Asohka He played a critical role in making Buddhism a world religion. He is also credited for creating one of the first peaceful multiethnic state. He was the Roman Emperor who issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD when he converted to Christianity. His Edict created religious tolerance throughout the empire and allowed Christianity to spread. Constantine I He built a new imperial capital in Byzantium and renamed it after himself. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, and justice and sincerity. He is most well known for his statements like “Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself.” Confucius This person was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher who lived from 551479 BC. During his reign he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. He was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. Attila the Hun Even with all of his military success he was unable to capture Constantinople or Rome. This is considered to be one of the 7 wonders of the world. This mega statue was built by Chares of Lindos between 292-280 BC. Colossus of Rhodes It was located at the entrance of the city of Rhodes to celebrate their victory over the ruler of Cyprus. He was responsible for uniting the Roman empire and leading it into the longest time period of prosperity known as the Pax Romana. He was the adopted nephew of Julius Caesar. His “adoption” came, however, after Caesar’s death. Augustus Caesar He was a clever politician who made the Roman Senate feel as if they were in charge even though he really was. Created by the Emperor Vespasian in 80 AD Also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre. Colosseum Rome, Italy Was responsible for the extinction of several animal species during its years of operation. This event was one of the largest migrations of a group of people’s based on a language in the history of the world. It occurred in Sub Saharan Africa It led to significant cultural changes that still impact the African Continent today. Bantu Migration This leader was part of the Ptolemaic family that ruled Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great. She was well known for her allegiance to Julius Caesar and finally Mark Antony. Cleopatra She represented herself as the reincarnation of the goddess Isis and eventually took her own life with an asp. This document is also known as Columba. It is a masterwork of Western calligraphy and represents the pinnacle of Insular illumination. It is also widely regarded as Ireland's finest national treasure. Book of Kells It details the gospels and the history of Europe during the Dark Ages. He lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. His real name is Siddhartha Guatama. He founded the world’s 3rd largest religion. Buddha