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21-1 Classes of Blood Vessels
• Arteries
• Carry blood away from heart
• Arterioles
• Are smallest branches of arteries
• Capillaries
• Are smallest blood vessels
• Location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
• Venules
• Collect blood from capillaries
• Veins
• Return blood to heart
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21-1 Blood Vessels
• The Largest Blood Vessels
• Attach to heart
• Pulmonary trunk
• Carries blood from right ventricle
• To pulmonary circulation
• Aorta
• Carries blood from left ventricle
• To systemic circulation
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21-1 Blood Vessels
• The Smallest Blood Vessels
• Capillaries
• Have small diameter and thin walls
• Chemicals and gases diffuse across walls
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21-1 Blood Vessels
• Differences between Arteries and Veins
• Arteries and veins run side by side
• Arteries have thicker walls and higher blood
pressure
• Collapsed artery has small, round lumen (internal
space)
• Vein has a large, flat lumen
• Vein lining contracts, artery lining does not
• Artery lining folds
• Arteries more elastic
• Veins have valves
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21-1 Structure and Function of Arteries
• Arteries
• Elasticity allows arteries to absorb pressure waves
that come with each heartbeat
• Contractility
• Arteries change diameter
• Controlled by sympathetic division of ANS
• Vasoconstriction
• The contraction of arterial smooth muscle by the
ANS
• Vasodilation
• The relaxation of arterial smooth muscle
• Enlarging the lumen
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21-1 Structure and Function of Arteries
• Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
• Affect:
1. Afterload on heart
2. Peripheral blood pressure
3. Capillary blood flow
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21-1 Structure and Function of Capillaries
• Angiogenesis
• Formation of new blood vessels
• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
• Occurs in the embryo as tissues and organs
develop
• Occurs in response to factors released by cells
that are hypoxic, or oxygen-starved
• Most important in cardiac muscle, where it takes
place in response to a chronically constricted or
occluded vessel
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21-1 Structure and Function of Veins
• Veins
• Collect blood from capillaries in tissues and
organs
• Return blood to heart
• Are larger in diameter than arteries
• Have thinner walls than arteries
• Have lower blood pressure
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21-2 Pressure and Resistance
• Arterial Blood Pressure
• Pulse pressure
• Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic
pressure
• Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
• MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
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21-2 Pressure and Resistance
• Abnormal Blood Pressure
• Normal = 120/80
• Hypertension
• Abnormally high blood pressure
• Greater than 140/90
• Hypotension
• Abnormally low blood pressure
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21-4 Cardiovascular Adaptation
• Stroke
• Also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
• Blockage or rupture in a cerebral artery
• Stops blood flow
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Figure 21-19 An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries (Part 1 of 2).
Vertebral
Right common carotid
Right subclavian
Left common carotid
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Left subclavian
Axillary
Pulmonary trunk
Descending aorta
Aortic arch
Ascending
aorta
Diaphragm
Celiac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Brachial
Renal
Gonadal
Inferior mesenteric
Common iliac
Radial
Internal iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar
arches
Deep
femoral
Femoral
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Figure 21-19 An Overview of the Major Systemic Arteries (Part 2 of 2).
Femoral
Popliteal
Descending
genicular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Plantar arch
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Figure 21-20 Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb.
Right thyrocervical trunk
Right vertebral
Supplies muscles,
skin, tissues of neck,
thyroid gland,
shoulders, and upper
back (right side)
Supplies spinal cord,
cervical vertebrae (right
side); fuses with left
vertebral, forming basilar
artery after entering cranium
through foramen magnum
Left
common
carotid
Left
subclavian
Brachiocephalic
trunk
Right subclavian
Right internal thoracic
Right common
carotid
(see Figure 21–
21)
Right
thyrocervical
trunk
Supplies skin and muscles
of chest and abdomen,
mammary gland (right
side), pericardium
Right
vertebral
Right
common
carotid
Left common
carotid
Aortic arch
Thoracoacromial
Left subclavian
Right axillary
Supplies
muscles of the
right pectoral
region and axilla
Ascending aorta
Lateral thoracic
Anterior humeral
circumflex
Thoracic aorta
Posterior humeral
circumflex
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Subscapular
Deep brachial
Intercostals
Right brachial
Supplies structures
of the arm
Right
radial
Right
ulnar
Supplies
forearm,
radial
side
Supplies
forearm,
ulnar
side
Ulnar
collateral
arteries
Abdominal aorta
Anterior ulnar recurrent
Posterior ulnar recurrent
Anterior crural interosseous
The radial and ulnar arteries are
connected by anastomoses of palmar
arches that supply digital arteries
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch
Digital arteries
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Thoracic
aorta (see
Figure 21–23)
21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Branches of the Aortic Arch
• Deliver blood to head, neck, shoulders, and upper
limbs
1. Brachiocephalic trunk
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Subclavian Arteries
• Leaving the thoracic cavity:
• Become axillary artery in arm
• And brachial artery distally
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Figure 21-20 Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb (Part 1 of 2).
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Brachial Artery
• Divides at coronoid fossa of humerus
• Into radial artery and ulnar artery
• Fuse at wrist to form:
• Superficial and deep palmar arches
• Which supply digital arteries
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Figure 21-20 Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb (Part 2 of 2).
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Common Carotid Arteries
• Each common carotid divides into:
• External carotid artery – supplies blood to
structures of the neck, lower jaw, and face
• Internal carotid artery – enters skull and delivers
blood to brain
• Divides into three branches
1. Ophthalmic artery
2. Anterior cerebral artery
3. Middle cerebral artery
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Figure 21-21 Arteries of the Neck and Head (Part 1 of 2).
Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Ophthalmic
Cerebral arterial circle
Carotid canal
Posterior cerebral
Basilar
Internal carotid
Carotid sinus
Vertebral
Inferior thyroid
Thyrocervical
trunk
Transverse cervical
Suprascapular
Subclavian
Axillary
Internal thoracic
Second rib
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Figure 21-21 Arteries of the Neck and Head (Part 2 of 2).
Branches of the
External Carotid
Superficial
temporal
Maxillary
Occipital
Facial
Lingual
External
carotid
Common carotid
Brachiocephalic
trunk
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Vertebral Arteries
• Also supply brain with blood
• Left and right vertebral arteries
• Arise from subclavian arteries
• Enter cranium through foramen magnum
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Anastomoses
• The cerebral arterial circle (or circle of Willis)
interconnects:
• The internal carotid arteries
• And the basilar artery
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Figure 21-22a Arteries of the Brain.
Cerebral Arterial Circle
Anterior
cerebral
Anterior
communicating
Ophthalmic
Anterior cerebral
Internal
carotid (cut)
Posterior
communicating
Middle
cerebral
Posterior cerebral
Pituitary
gland
Basilar
Posterior
cerebral
Vertebral
Cerebellar
a Inferior surface
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Figure 21-22b Arteries of the Brain.
Middle
cerebral
Anterior
cerebral
Posterior
cerebral
Ophthalmic
Cerebral arterial
circle
Basilar
Vertebral
Internal carotid
b Lateral view
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Descending Aorta
• Thoracic aorta
• Supplies organs of the chest
•
•
•
•
Bronchial arteries
Pericardial arteries
Esophageal arteries
Mediastinal arteries
• Supplies chest wall
• Intercostal arteries
• Superior phrenic arteries
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Figure 21-23a Major Arteries of the Trunk (Part 1 of 4).
Aortic arch
Internal thoracic
Thoracic aorta
Somatic Branches of
the Thoracic Aorta
Intercostal arteries
Superior phrenic
Inferior phrenic
a A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic
and abdominal organs removed
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Figure 21-23a Major Arteries of the Trunk (Part 2 of 4).
Visceral Branches of
the Thoracic Aorta
Bronchial arteries
Esophageal arteries
Mediastinal artery
Pericardial artery
a A diagrammatic view, with most of the thoracic
and abdominal organs removed
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Descending Aorta
• Abdominal Aorta
• Divides at terminal segment of the aorta into:
• Left common iliac artery
• Right common iliac artery
• Unpaired branches
• Major branches to visceral organs
• Paired branches
•
•
•
•
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To body wall
Kidneys
Urinary bladder
Structures outside abdominopelvic cavity
Figure 21-23a Major Arteries of the Trunk (Part 3 of 4).
Diaphragm
Adrenal
Renal
Gonadal
Lumbar
Terminal segment
of the aorta
Common iliac
Median sacral
a A diagrammatic view, with most of the
thoracic and abdominal organs removed
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Figure 21-23a Major Arteries of the Trunk (Part 4 of 4).
Celiac Trunk
Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic
Superior mesenteric
Abdominal aorta
Inferior mesenteric
a A diagrammatic view, with most of the
thoracic and abdominal organs removed
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Figure 21-24 Arteries Supplying the Abdominopelvic Organs (Part 1 of 2).
Branches of the
Common Hepatic Artery
Hepatic artery proper (liver)
Gastroduodenal (stomach
and duodenum)
Liver
Cystic (gallbladder)
Right gastric (stomach)
Right gastroepiploic
(stomach and duodenum)
Superior pancreaticoduodenal (duodenum)
Ascending colon
Superior Mesenteric
Artery
Pancreas
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (pancreas and
duodenum)
Middle colic (cut)
(large intestine)
Right colic (large intestine)
Ileocolic (large intestine)
Small intestine
Intestinal arteries (small
Intestine)
Rectum
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Figure 21-24 Arteries Supplying the Abdominopelvic Organs (Part 2 of 2).
The Celiac Trunk
Common hepatic
Left gastric
Splenic
Spleen
Stomach
Branches of the
Splenic Artery
Left gastroepiploic
(stomach)
Pancreatic
(pancreas)
Pancreas
Inferior Mesenteric
Artery
Left colic (colon)
Sigmoid (colon)
Rectal (rectum)
Small intestine
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
• Femoral artery
• Deep femoral artery
• Becomes popliteal artery
• Posterior to knee
• Branches to form:
• Posterior and anterior tibial arteries
• Posterior gives rise to fibular artery
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Figure 21-23b Major Arteries of the Trunk (Part 2 of 2).
Right common iliac
Left common iliac
Pelvis and right lower limb
Pelvis and left lower limb
Right
external
Iliac (see
Figure 21–25)
Right internal iliac
Pelvic muscles, skin,
urinary and reproductive
organs, perineum, gluteal,
region, and medial thigh
Superior gluteal
Hip muscles and joint
Obturator
Ilium, hip and thigh
muscles, hip joint and
femoral head
Left
internal
iliac
Internal pudendal
Lateral rotators of hip;
rectum, anus, perineal
muscles, external genitalia
Lateral sacral
Skin and muscles of sacrum
b A flowchart showing major arteries of the trunk
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Left
external
iliac
Figure 21-25a Arteries of the Lower Limb (Part 1 of 2).
Common iliac
External iliac
Internal
iliac
Superior gluteal
Lateral
sacral
Inguinal ligament
Internal
pudendal
Obturator
Deep femoral
Medial
femoral
circumflex
Lateral femoral
circumflex
Femoral
Descending
genicular
a Anterior view
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Figure 21-25a Arteries of the Lower Limb (Part 2 of 2).
Popliteal
Anterior tibial
Posterior
tibial
Fibular
Dorsalis pedis
Medial plantar
Lateral plantar
Dorsal arch
Plantar arch
a Anterior view
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Figure 21-25b Arteries of the Lower Limb (Part 1 of 2).
Superior gluteal
Right external iliac
Femoral
Internal
pudendal
Deep femoral
Obturator
Lateral
femoral
circumflex
Medial femoral
circumflex
Femoral
Descending genicular
b Posterior view
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Figure 21-25b Arteries of the Lower Limb (Part 2 of 2).
Popliteal
Anterior
tibial
Posterior
tibial
Fibular
Posterior
tibial
b Posterior view
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Systemic Veins
• Complementary Arteries and Veins
• Run side by side
• Branching patterns of peripheral veins are more
variable
• In neck and limbs
• One set of arteries (deep)
• Two sets of veins (one deep, one superficial)
• Venous system controls body temperature
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Figure 21-26 An Overview of the Major Systemic Veins (Part 1 of 2).
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Vertebral
External jugular
Subclavian
Axillary
Cephalic
Internal jugular
Brachiocephalic
Superior vena cava
Brachial
Intercostal veins
Basilic
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic veins
Renal
Median cubital
Gonadal
Radial
Lumbar veins
Median antebrachial
Left and right
common iliac
Ulnar
External iliac
Palmar venous
arches
Digital veins
Internal iliac
Deep
femoral
Femoral
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Figure 21-26 An Overview of the Major Systemic Veins (Part 2 of 2).
Great saphenous
Femoral
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Fibular
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
KEY
Superficial veins
Plantar venous arch
Dorsal venous arch
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Deep veins
21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Superior Vena Cava (SVC)
• Receives blood from the tissues and organs of:
•
•
•
•
•
Head
Neck
Chest
Shoulders
Upper limbs
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Figure 21-27c Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain.
Superior sagittal sinus
Superficial cerebral veins
Temporal
Inferior sagittal sinus
Deep cerebral
Great cerebral
Cavernous sinus
Straight sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External jugular
Internal jugular
Right subclavian
Clavicle
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
c Veins draining the brain and the superficial
and deep portions of the head and neck.
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Superficial Veins of the Head and Neck
• Converge to form:
• Temporal, facial, and maxillary veins
• Temporal and maxillary veins
• Drain to external jugular vein
• Facial vein
• Drains to internal jugular vein
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Figure 21-27c Major Veins of the Head, Neck, and Brain.
Superior sagittal sinus
Superficial cerebral veins
Temporal
Inferior sagittal sinus
Deep cerebral
Great cerebral
Cavernous sinus
Straight sinus
Maxillary
Petrosal sinuses
Right transverse sinus
Facial
Occipital sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Occipital
Vertebral
External jugular
Internal jugular
Right subclavian
Clavicle
Right brachiocephalic
Left brachiocephalic
Axillary
Superior vena cava
Internal thoracic
c Veins draining the brain and the superficial
and deep portions of the head and neck.
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Veins of the Hand
• Digital veins
• Empty into superficial and deep palmar veins
• Which interconnect to form palmar venous arches
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Veins of the Hand
• Superficial arch empties into:
•
•
•
•
Cephalic vein
Median antebrachial vein
Basilic vein
Median cubital vein
• Deep palmar veins drain into:
• Radial and ulnar veins
• Which fuse above elbow to form brachial vein
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Figure 21-28 The Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Chest (Part 3 of 3).
Median cubital
KEY
Cephalic
Superficial veins
Anterior crural
interosseous
Deep veins
Radial
Basilic
Median antebrachial
Ulnar
Palmar venous
arches
Digital veins
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Brachial Vein
• Merges with basilic vein
• To become axillary vein
• Cephalic vein joins axillary vein
• To form subclavian vein
• Merges with external and internal jugular veins
• To form brachiocephalic vein
• Which enters thoracic cavity
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Figure 21-28 The Venous Drainage of the Abdomen and Chest (Part 2 of 3).
Vertebral
Internal jugular
External jugular
Subclavian
Highest intercostal
Brachiocephalic
Axillary
Cephalic
Accessory hemiazygos
Hemiazygos
Brachial
Intercostal veins
Inferior vena cava
Basilic
Phrenic veins
Adrenal veins
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Medial
sacral
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Veins of the Thoracic Cavity
• Brachiocephalic vein receives blood from:
• Vertebral vein
• Internal thoracic vein
• The Left and Right Brachiocephalic Veins
• Merge to form the superior vena cava (SVC)
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Figure 21-29 Flowchart of Circulation to the Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae (Part 1 of 2).
Right
external
jugular
Right
vertebral
Right
internal
jugular
Collects
blood from
neck, face,
salivary
glands, scalp
Collects
blood from
cranium,
spinal cord,
vertebrae
Collects
blood from
cranium,
face,
and neck
Left
internal
jugular
Right
subclavian
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Right axillary
Right internal
thoracic
Mediastinal
veins
Collects blood
from structures
of anterior
thoracic wall
Collect blood
from the
mediastinum
Right
brachial
Right
cephalic
Right
basilic
Collects
blood from
forearm,
wrist, and
hand
Collects
blood
from lateral
surface
of upper limb
Collects
blood
from medial
surface
of upper limb
Right
radial
Right
ulnar
Radial
side of
forearm
Ulnar
side of
forearm
Venous network
of wrist and hand
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Interconnected by
median cubital
vein and median
antebrachial
network
Left
external
jugular
Left brachiocephalic
Right brachiocephalic
KEY
Left
vertebral
Superior vena cava
Through
highest
intercostal
vein
Left internal
thoracic
RIGHT
ATRIUM
Azygos
Left axillary
Hemiazygos
Right
intercostal
veins
Esophageal
veins
Left
intercostal
veins
Collect
blood from
vertebrae and
body wall
Collect
blood
from the
esophagus
Collect
blood from
vertebrae and
body wall
Inferior vena cava
Left
subclavian
Collects blood
from veins of
the left upper
limb
21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
• Collects blood from organs inferior to the
diaphragm
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Figure 21-29 Flowchart of Circulation to the Superior and Inferior Venae Cavae (Part 2 of 2).
Inferior vena cava
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Right external
Iliac (see
Figure 21–30)
Hepatic veins
Phrenic veins
Collect blood from the
liver
Collect blood from
the diaphragm
Gonadal veins
Adrenal veins
Collect blood from the
gonads
Collect blood from
the adrenal glands
Lumbar veins
Renal veins
Collect blood from the
spinal cord and body wall
Collect blood from
the kidneys
Right common iliac
Left common iliac
Right internal iliac
Left internal iliac
Gluteal Internal
veins pudendal
vein
Collects blood
from veins of the
right lower limb
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Obturator Lateral
sacral
vein
vein
Collect blood from the pelvic muscles,
skin, and urinary and reproductive
organs of the right side of the pelvis
Collects blood from
the left gluteal,
internal pudendal,
obturator, and
lateral sacral veins
Left
external
iliac
Collects blood
from veins of the
left lower limb
21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Veins of the Foot
• Capillaries of the sole
• Drain into a network of plantar veins
• Which supply the plantar venous arch
• Drain into deep veins of leg:
• Anterior tibial vein
• Posterior tibial vein
• Fibular vein
• All three join to become popliteal vein
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Dorsal Venous Arch
• Collects blood from:
• Superior surface of foot
• Digital veins
• Drains into two superficial veins
1. Great saphenous vein (drains into femoral vein)
2. Small saphenous vein (drains into popliteal
vein)
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The Popliteal Vein
• Becomes the femoral vein
• Before entering abdominal wall, receives blood
from:
• Great saphenous vein
• Deep femoral vein
• Femoral circumflex vein
• Inside the pelvic cavity
• Becomes the external iliac vein
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• The External Iliac Veins
• Are joined by internal iliac veins
• To form right and left common iliac veins
• The right and left common iliac veins
• Merge to form the inferior vena cava
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Figure 21-30a Venous Drainage from the Lower Limb.
Common iliac
Internal iliac
Superior gluteal
External iliac
Inferior gluteal
Lateral sacral
Internal pudendal
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral circumflex
Deep femoral
Femoral
Collects blood
from the thigh
Great saphenous
Great saphenous
Collects blood
from the
superficial veins
of the lower limb
Small saphenous
Collects blood
from superficial
veins of the leg
and foot
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Posterior tibial
Fibular
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar
venous arches collect blood
from the foot and toes
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
a Anterior view
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Figure 21-30b Venous Drainage from the Lower Limb.
Common iliac
External iliac
Superior gluteal
Inferior gluteal
Internal pudendal
Obturator
Femoral
Femoral circumflex
Deep femoral
Deep femoral
Collects blood
from the thigh
Femoral
Great saphenous
Collects blood
from the
superficial veins
of the lower limb
Small saphenous
Collects blood
from superficial
veins of the leg
and foot
Popliteal
Small saphenous
Anterior tibial
Posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Fibular
The dorsal and plantar
venous arches collect blood
from the foot and toes
KEY
Superficial veins
Deep veins
Dorsal venous arch
Plantar venous arch
Digital
b Posterior view
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21-7 The Systemic Circuit
• Major Tributaries of the Abdominal Inferior Vena
Cava
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lumbar veins
Gonadal veins
Hepatic veins
Renal veins
Adrenal veins
Phrenic veins
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.