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Plant Anatomy and PhysiologyRoots! What do these have in common? That’s right! They are all parts of a plant! Major Parts of Plant • • • • • Roots Stem Leaf Flower Fruit/Seed Student Learning Objectives • Distinguish between the types of root systems • Explain how nutrients and water are absorbed through roots • Explain why root systems are essential in soil conservation Roots • Serve as foundation of plant by: – Absorbing water and nutrients – Storing food – Anchoring the plant to support above ground parts of plant Root Systems • Tap: A root system composed of one primary root and many secondary roots that branch off. • Fibrous: A system that has no dominant primary root. Tap Fibrous • Tap roots can reach great depths in their root systems while fibrous root systems stay closer to soil surface. Roots • Primary Root: First root to emerge at germination. – May become main tap root • Secondary Roots: Roots that branch out from primary root. Healthy vs Unhealthy Roots • Healthy roots are white or nearly white and smell fresh. • Unhealthy roots are black, brown, dark orange and smell rotten. Student Learning Objectives • Distinguish between the types of root systems • Explain how nutrients and water are absorbed through roots • Explain why root systems are essential in soil conservation Nutrient Absorption • Water and nutrients are taken in by small, fine roots called root hairs. • Water and minerals enter root hairs through osmosis and diffusion. Osmosis and Diffusion • Diffusion– Movement of mineral molecules from area of high concentration (nutrients in soil) to areas of low concentration (roots). • Osmosis– Is a type of diffusion dealing specifically with water. Water passes through semi-permeable membrane (cells) to then move through plant cells. Osmotic Pressure • The movement of water through osmosis creates a pressure within the plant called, osmotic pressure. • This build-up of pressure is what allows water to move within the plant. Student Learning Objectives • Distinguish between the types of root systems • Explain how nutrients and water are absorbed through roots • Explain why root systems are essential in soil conservation Root Nodules • Some plants provide their own nitrogen nutrients through a symbiotic relationship with rhizobium bacteria. (Symbiotic relationship – two organisms live together and both benefit) Root Nodules • Rhizobium Bacteria invade the root hairs of plants. • Plants respond by creating a nodule to surround the bacteria. Root Nodules • The bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and combine it with oxygen to form NO3 (Nitrate) and NH4 (Ammonium). • The plant is able to then use these forms of nitrogen. Legumes • We call these plants who have this relationship, Legumes. – Legumes include: soybeans, clover, beans, peas and alfalfa. Roots & Soil Conservation • Roots hold soil in place and help to prevent erosion. • By using legume plants in crop rotations, less nitrogen is needed to be added each year. Student Learning Objectives • Distinguish between the types of root systems • Explain how nutrients and water are absorbed through roots • Explain why root systems are essential in soil conservation What questions do you have?