Download Memmler*s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition

Memmler’s
The Human Body in Health and Disease
11th edition
Chapter 1
Organization of the Human
Body
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Human Body
Understanding the normal body is basis for analyzing
disease
• Structure
• Functions
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Studies of the Human Body
• Anatomy - study of body structure
• Physiology - study of how the body functions
• Pathology - study of disease
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Levels of Organization
• Chemicals
• Cells
• Tissues
• Organs
• Body systems
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Levels of organization
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Checkpoint 1-1: In studying the human body, one may
concentrate on its structure or function. What are these
two studies called?
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Body Systems
• Protection, support, and movement
–
Integumentary
–
Skeletal
–
Muscular
• Coordination and control
–
Nervous
–
Endocrine
• Circulation
–
Cardiovascular
–
Lymphatic
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Body Systems, cont’d
• Nutrition and fluid balance
– Respiratory
– Digestive
– Urinary
• Production of offspring
– Reproductive
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Question:
Specialized groups of cells form what?
a. tissues
b. organs
c. organelles
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Answer:
a. tissues
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Metabolism and Its Regulation
Types of metabolism
• Catabolism - large substances broken into smaller
substances.
– Energy is released
• Anabolism - smaller substances used to build larger
ones.
– Energy is absorbed
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Homeostasis
• Fluid balance - 2 types of fluid
•Extracellular - all body fluids outside the cells.
•Example - blood, lymph
•Intracellular fluid - fluid contained within the cells.
• Feedback - 2 types
– Negative feedback - reverses the upward or
downward shift.
– Positive feedback - a given action promotes more of
the same action
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Comparison of positive and negative feedback.
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The Effects of Aging
• Obvious
• Not visible
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Checkpoint 1-2: Metabolism is divided into a breakdown
phase and a building phase. What are these two phases
called?
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Checkpoint 1-3: What type of system is mainly used to
maintain homeostasis?
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Directions in the Body
Consistent terms are used to designate position and
direction to avoid awkwardness and inaccuracy.
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Directional Terms
• Superior - above, higher
– Inferior - below, lower
• Ventral (anterior) - front of the body
– Dorsal (posterior) - nearer to the back
• Cranial - nearer towards the head
– Caudal - nearer to the sacrum
• Medial - towards the midline
– Lateral - away from the midline
• Proximal - nearer to the origin of the structure
– Distal - farther from the origin
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Directional terms.
ZOOMING IN
•What is the scientific name for
the position in which this
subject is standing?
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Planes of Division
• Frontal (coronal) - divides into front (ventral) and back
(dorsal)
• Sagittal - divides into left and right
• Transverse (horizontal) - divides into superior and
inferior
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Question:
What does “medial” mean?
a. Toward the midline of the body
b. Away from the midline of the body
c. Above the midline of the body
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Answer:
a. Toward the midline of the body
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Planes of division.
ZOOMING IN
•Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
•Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Tissue Sections
• Cross section - cut across
• Longitudinal (transverse) section
• Oblique section - made at an angle
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Checkpoint 1-4: What are the three planes in which the
body can be cut? What kind of plane divides the body
into halves?
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Body Cavities
Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, that
contain organs.
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Body cavities,
lateral view.
ZOOMING IN
• What cavity
contains the
diaphragm?
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Dorsal Cavity
Two main cavities
• Cranial
• Spinal
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Ventral Cavity
Has two main cavities separated by diaphragm
• Thoracic
– Pericardial cavity - contains the heart
– Pleural cavity - contains the lungs
• Mediastinum - space between the lungs
• Abdominopelvic
– Abdominal (superior) cavity - contains stomach, liver,
intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
– Pelvic (inferior) cavity - bladder, repro organs, rectum
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The thoracic cavity.
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Question:
True or False?: The pelvic cavity is
superior to the abdominal cavity.
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Answer:
False: The pelvic cavity is inferior to the
abdominal cavity.
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Checkpoint 1-5: There are two main body cavities, one
posterior and one anterior. Name these two cavities.
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Regions of the Abdomen
• Epigastric - under breastbone
• Umbilical (navel)
• Hypogastric - under navel
• Hypochondriac - Right and Left of epigastric
• Lumbar - right and left of umbilical
• Inguinal (iliac) - right and left of hypogastric
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The nine regions of
the abdomen.
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Quadrants of the Abdomen
• Right upper
• Left upper
• Right lower
• Left lower
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Quadrants of the
abdomen.
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Checkpoint 1-6: Name the three central regions and the
three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.
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The Metric System
Each multiple is indicated by a prefix.
• Kilo• Centi• Milli• Micro-
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Units of Length
• Meter - unit
• Kilometer - 1,000 meters
• Centimeter - 1/100 - there are 100 centimeters in a
meter
• Millimeter - 1/1,000 - there are 1,000 millimeters in a
meter
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Units of Weight
• Gram
• Kilogram
• Milligram
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Question:
Which is heaviest?
a. a milligram
b. a kilogram
c. a pound
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Answer:
b. A kilogram is heaviest (1 kg = 2.2
pounds).
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Units of Volume
• Liter
• Milliliter
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Temperature
• Celsius (centigrade) scale
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Checkpoint 1-7: Name the basic units of length, weight,
and volume in the metric system.
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End of Presentation
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