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Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11th edition Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Human Body Understanding the normal body is basis for analyzing disease • Structure • Functions Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Studies of the Human Body • Anatomy - study of body structure • Physiology - study of how the body functions • Pathology - study of disease Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Levels of Organization • Chemicals • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Body systems Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Levels of organization Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-1: In studying the human body, one may concentrate on its structure or function. What are these two studies called? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Systems • Protection, support, and movement – Integumentary – Skeletal – Muscular • Coordination and control – Nervous – Endocrine • Circulation – Cardiovascular – Lymphatic Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Systems, cont’d • Nutrition and fluid balance – Respiratory – Digestive – Urinary • Production of offspring – Reproductive Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Specialized groups of cells form what? a. tissues b. organs c. organelles Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. tissues Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Metabolism and Its Regulation Types of metabolism • Catabolism - large substances broken into smaller substances. – Energy is released • Anabolism - smaller substances used to build larger ones. – Energy is absorbed Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Homeostasis • Fluid balance - 2 types of fluid •Extracellular - all body fluids outside the cells. •Example - blood, lymph •Intracellular fluid - fluid contained within the cells. • Feedback - 2 types – Negative feedback - reverses the upward or downward shift. – Positive feedback - a given action promotes more of the same action Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Comparison of positive and negative feedback. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Effects of Aging • Obvious • Not visible Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-2: Metabolism is divided into a breakdown phase and a building phase. What are these two phases called? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-3: What type of system is mainly used to maintain homeostasis? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directions in the Body Consistent terms are used to designate position and direction to avoid awkwardness and inaccuracy. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms • Superior - above, higher – Inferior - below, lower • Ventral (anterior) - front of the body – Dorsal (posterior) - nearer to the back • Cranial - nearer towards the head – Caudal - nearer to the sacrum • Medial - towards the midline – Lateral - away from the midline • Proximal - nearer to the origin of the structure – Distal - farther from the origin Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional terms. ZOOMING IN •What is the scientific name for the position in which this subject is standing? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Division • Frontal (coronal) - divides into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) • Sagittal - divides into left and right • Transverse (horizontal) - divides into superior and inferior Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What does “medial” mean? a. Toward the midline of the body b. Away from the midline of the body c. Above the midline of the body Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. Toward the midline of the body Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of division. ZOOMING IN •Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? •Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissue Sections • Cross section - cut across • Longitudinal (transverse) section • Oblique section - made at an angle Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-4: What are the three planes in which the body can be cut? What kind of plane divides the body into halves? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Cavities Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, that contain organs. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body cavities, lateral view. ZOOMING IN • What cavity contains the diaphragm? Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Dorsal Cavity Two main cavities • Cranial • Spinal Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ventral Cavity Has two main cavities separated by diaphragm • Thoracic – Pericardial cavity - contains the heart – Pleural cavity - contains the lungs • Mediastinum - space between the lungs • Abdominopelvic – Abdominal (superior) cavity - contains stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen – Pelvic (inferior) cavity - bladder, repro organs, rectum Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The thoracic cavity. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: True or False?: The pelvic cavity is superior to the abdominal cavity. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: False: The pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-5: There are two main body cavities, one posterior and one anterior. Name these two cavities. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Regions of the Abdomen • Epigastric - under breastbone • Umbilical (navel) • Hypogastric - under navel • Hypochondriac - Right and Left of epigastric • Lumbar - right and left of umbilical • Inguinal (iliac) - right and left of hypogastric Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The nine regions of the abdomen. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quadrants of the Abdomen • Right upper • Left upper • Right lower • Left lower Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Quadrants of the abdomen. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-6: Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Metric System Each multiple is indicated by a prefix. • Kilo• Centi• Milli• Micro- Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Length • Meter - unit • Kilometer - 1,000 meters • Centimeter - 1/100 - there are 100 centimeters in a meter • Millimeter - 1/1,000 - there are 1,000 millimeters in a meter Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Weight • Gram • Kilogram • Milligram Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which is heaviest? a. a milligram b. a kilogram c. a pound Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. A kilogram is heaviest (1 kg = 2.2 pounds). Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Units of Volume • Liter • Milliliter Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Temperature • Celsius (centigrade) scale Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 1-7: Name the basic units of length, weight, and volume in the metric system. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins