Download Class 25 blood vessels

Memmler’s - The Human Body in Health and
Disease 11th edition
Chapter 15
Blood Vessels and Blood Circulation
“I find that the harder I work,
the more luck I seem to have.”
Thomas Jefferson
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The Vascular System
• Closed system
• Four heart chambers
• Blood vessels
– Arteries from aorta
– Arterioles
– Capillaries
– Venules
– Veins – to the vena cava
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Checkpoint 15-1: What are the five types of
blood vessels?
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Blood Circuits
Two groups of blood vessels
• The pulmonary circuit
– Pulmonary artery and its branches
– Capillaries in lungs
– Pulmonary veins
• The systemic circuit
– Aorta
– Systemic capillaries
– Systemic veins
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Blood flow in a
closed system of
vessels.
Oxygen content
changes as blood
flows through the
capillaries.
Zooming In • Judging from color
coding, which vessels pick up
oxygen? Which vessels release
oxygen?
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Checkpoint 15-2: What are the two blood circuits and
what areas does each serve?
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Vessel Structure
Three tunics (coats) of arteries and veins
• Inner (endothelium)
• Middle (smooth [involuntary] muscle)
– Controlled by autonomic nervous system
– Thinner in veins
• Outer (supporting connective tissue)
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Sections of small
blood vessels.
Drawings show
the thick wall of
an artery, the
thin wall of a
vein, and the
single-layered
wall of a
capillary. A
venous valve
also is shown.
The arrow
indicates the
direction of
blood flow.
Zooming In:
Which vessels
have valves that
control blood
flow?
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Checkpoint 15-3: What type of tissue makes up the
middle layer of arteries and veins, and how is this tissue
controlled?
Checkpoint 15-4: How many cell layers make up the wall
of a capillary?
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Question:
True or False?: Pulmonary arteries carry
blood that is low in oxygen.
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Answer:
True: Pulmonary arteries carry blood that
is low in oxygen.
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Systemic Arteries
The aorta
• Largest artery that receives blood from left ventricle and
has branches to all organs
• The Aortic parts
– Ascending aorta
– Aortic arch
– Thoracic aorta
– Abdominal aorta
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The aorta and its
branches.
Zooming In: How many
brachiocephalic arteries are there?
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Principal
systemic
arteries.
Zooming In: How many
brachiocephalic arteries
are there?
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Branches of the Ascending Aorta and
Aortic Arch
• Ascending aorta
– Left and right coronary arteries
• Aortic arch
– Brachiocephalic artery
• Right subclavian artery
• Right common carotid artery
– Left common carotid artery
– Left subclavian artery
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Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
• Also known as the descending aorta
• Branches to chest wall, esophagus, and bronchi
• Intercostal arteries
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Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
• Celiac trunk
–
Left gastric artery
–
Splenic artery
–
Hepatic artery
• Superior mesenteric artery
• Inferior mesenteric artery
• Paired lateral branches
–
Phrenic arteries
–
Suprarenal arteries
–
Renal arteries
–
Ovarian and testicular arteries
–
Lumbar arteries
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Checkpoint 15-5: What are the subdivisions of the
aorta, the largest artery?
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Question:
Which branch of the aorta divides
further into 3 arteries, one of
which serves the liver?
a. superior mesenteric artery
b. celiac trunk
c. aortic arch
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Answer:
b. celiac trunk
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The Iliac Arteries and Their Subdivisions
• Internal iliac arteries
• External iliac arteries
– Femoral artery
• Popliteal artery
• Tibial arteries
• Dorsalis pedis
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Arteries That Branch to the Arm and Head
• External carotid artery
• Internal carotid artery
• Subclavian artery
– Vertebral artery
– Axillary artery
• Brachial artery
• Radial artery
• Ulnar artery
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Checkpoint 15-6: What arteries are formed by the
final division of the abdominal aorta?
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Anastomoses
Communication between two vessels
• Circle of Willis
• Superficial palmar arch
• Mesenteric arches
• Arterial arches
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Arteries that supply
the brain.
The bracket at right
groups the arteries
that make up the
circle of Willis.
A – all
communicating,
B- basilar, and
C – cerebral artery
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Checkpoint 15-8: What is an anastomosis?
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Systemic Veins
• Superficial veins
– Cephalic, basilic, median cubital veins
– Saphenous veins
• Deep veins
– Femoral and iliac vessels
– Brachial, axillary, subclavian vessels
– Jugular veins
– Brachiocephalic vein
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The Venae Cavae and Their Tributaries
• Superior vena cava
– Head, neck, upper extremities
• Inferior vena cava
– Right, left veins from paired parts, organs
– Unpaired veins from spleen, digestive tract
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Principal
systemic
veins.
Zooming In: How
many
brachiocephalic
veins are there?
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Checkpoint 15-9: Veins are described as superficial
or deep. What does superficial mean?
Checkpoint 15-10: What two large veins drain the
systemic blood vessels and empty into the right
atrium?
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Question:
What is the name of the unpaired
vein that drains the veins of the
chest wall?
a. azygous vein
b. cephalic vein
c. subclavian vein
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Answer:
a. azygous vein
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Venous Sinuses
• Coronary sinus
• Cranial venous sinuses
– Cavernous sinuses
• Petrosal sinuses
– Superior sagittal sinus
• Confluence of sinuses
– Transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses)
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Cranial venous
sinuses. The inset
shows the paired
transverse sinuses,
which carry blood
from the brain to
the jugular veins.
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Checkpoint 15-11: What is a venous sinus?
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The Hepatic Portal System
Carries blood from abdominal organs to liver
• Superior mesenteric vein
• Splenic vein
• Gastric, pancreatic, inferior mesenteric veins
• Sinusoids
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Hepatic portal
system. Veins
from the
abdominal organs
carry blood to the
hepatic portal
vein leading to
the liver. Arrows
show the direction
of blood flow.
Zooming In: What
vessel do the
hepatic veins
drain into?
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Checkpoint 15-12: The hepatic portal system takes
blood from the abdominal organs to what organ?
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Circulation Physiology
• Blood exchanges oxygen, carbon dioxide, other
substances generated by cells
• Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) is exchange medium
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Connection
between small
blood vessels
through
capillaries. The
blood delivers
oxygen (O2) to
the tissues and
picks up carbon
dioxide (CO2) for
transport to the
lungs. Note the
lymphatic
capillaries, which
aid in tissue
drainage.
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Capillary Exchange
How substances move between cells and capillary blood
• Diffusion
– Main process
• Blood pressure (hydrostatic pressure)
– Moves (pushes) material into tissue fluid
• Osmotic pressure (osmotic colloidal pressure)
– Moves (pulls) material into capillaries
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Checkpoint 15-13: As materials diffuse back and forth
between the blood and tissue fluid across the capillary wall, what
force helps to push materials out of the capillary? What force
helps to draw materials into the capillary?
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The Dynamics of Blood Flow
Vasomotor center in medulla regulates vasomotor activities
• Vasodilation
• Vasoconstriction
• Precapillary sphincter
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Checkpoint 15-14: Name the two types of vasomotor
changes.
Checkpoint 15-15: Where are vasomotor activities
regulated?
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Return of Blood to the Heart
• Mechanisms that promote blood’s return to heart
– Contraction of skeletal muscles
– Valves
– Breathing
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Role of skeletal muscles and valves in blood return. (A) Contracting skeletal muscle compresses the vein and
drives blood forward, opening the proximal valve, while the distal valve closes to prevent backflow of blood. (B)
When the muscle relaxes again, the distal valve opens, and the proximal valve closes until blood moving in the
vein forces it open again.
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Question:
What is the name for the collection of
vessels that carries blood from the
abdominal organs to the liver?
a. venous sinuses
b. internal and external iliac arteries
c. hepatic portal system
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Answer:
c. hepatic portal system
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The Pulse
• Ventricular contraction
• Wave of increased pressure
• Begins at heart and travels to arteries
• Influenced by various factors
– Body size
– Gender
– Age
– Muscular activity
– Emotion
– Body temperature
– Thyroid secretion
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Checkpoint 15-16: What is the definition of pulse?
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Blood Pressure
• Force exerted by blood against vessel walls
• Determined by heart’s output and resistance to blood
flow
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Cardiac Output
• Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle in
• one minute
• Heart rate
– Beats per minute
• Stroke volume
– Controlled by force of contractions
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Resistance to Blood Flow
Peripheral resistance is affected by
• Vasomotor changes
• Baroreceptors in large arteries
• Elasticity of blood vessels
• Viscosity
• Total blood volume
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Blood Pressure Measurement
Pressure is measured in the brachial arm artery using a
sphygmomanometer
•Systolic pressure
– Occurs during heart contraction
– Normal systolic: 120 mmHg
•Diastolic pressure
– Occurs during heart relaxation
– Normal diastolic: 80 mmHg
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Checkpoint 15-17: What is the definition of blood
pressure?
Checkpoint 15-18: What two components of blood
pressure are measured?
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Question:
What is the name of the device
used to measure blood pressure?
a. hematocrit
b. hemocytometer
c. sphygmomanometer
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Answer:
c. sphygmomanometer
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Abnormal Blood Pressure
• Hypotension
– Lower than normal blood pressure
• Hypertension
– High blood pressure
• Essential hypertension
– No apparent medical cause
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Treatment of Hypertension
• Stage 1
– 140/90 mm Hg
– Diet, exercise, weight loss
• Stage 2
– 160/100 mm Hg
– Drugs added to treatment
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Checkpoint 15-19: What is meant by hypertension
and hypotension?
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Arterial Degeneration and
Other Blood Vessel Disorders
• Arteriosclerosis
– Atherosclerosis
• Clot formation
• Leg cramps, pain, lameness
• Cerebral artery sclerosis
• Hypertension
• Coronary artery arteriosclerosis
• Renal artery damage
• Ischemia, gangrene
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Treatment for Arterial Degeneration
• Balloon catheterization
• Bypass grafts
• Stents
• Endarterectomy
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Aneurysm
• Bulging sac in blood vessel wall
• Swelling deranges other structures
• Can burst, causing death
• Surgery can replace damaged segment
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Hemorrhage
• Profuse escape of blood from vessels
• Internal or external
• Can be life-threatening
– Apply pressure to wound
– Elevate extremity above heart
– Apply pressure to pressure point
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Shock
Inadequate blood flow to tissues
• Classified by type
–
Cardiogenic
–
Neurogenic
–
Septic
–
Hypovolemic
–
Anaphylactic
• Classified by severity (cause unknown)
–
Mild
–
Severe
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Checkpoint 15-20: With regard to the circulation,
what is meant by shock?
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Thrombosis
Formation of blood clot in a vessel
• Deep venous thrombosis (DVT)
• Embolus
• Pulmonary embolism
• Phlebitis
• Thrombophlebitis
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Varicose Veins
Superficial veins that are swollen, distorted, and ineffective
• Saphenous veins of lower extremities
• Rectal veins (hemorrhoids)
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Question:
What is the term for a portion of a
blood clot that breaks loose and floats
in the blood?
a. phlebitis
b. thrombus
c. embolus
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Answer:
c. embolus
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Questions?
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