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Family Atherinidae Silversides Local species: o Atlantic Silverside (Menidia menidia) o Inland Silverside (Menidia beryllina) Menidia beryllina 1 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Grunion Spawning and Fertilized Eggs Family Atherinidae Elongate bodies with very small terminal mouths Large eyes, 2 separate dorsal fins Form schools inshore; both marine and freshwater The Waccamaw silverside is endemic to Lake Waccamaw and is on the federal endangered species list 3 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Menidia menidia Menidia beryllina Schooling Behavior 5 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae How do fishes school? Most schooling fishes depend on vision for group cohesion o Evidence? Lateral line is integral in spacing and coordinating synchronized movements 6 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Why do fish school? Hydrodynamic efficiency Increased efficiency in locating prey Reproduction Reduced predation risk o Dilution effect o Confusion effect 7 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Family Holocentridae Squirrelfishes Common species: o Squirrelfish (Holocentrus adscensionis) o Blackbar Soldierfish (Myripristis jacobus) Holocentrus adscensionis 8 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Holocentridae Characteristics Nocturnal, live on coral reefs and rocky shores Frequent vocalizations used for communication Myripristis jacobus 9 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Holocentridae Characteristics Family Fistulariidae Cornetfishes Local species: o Red Cornetfish (Fistularia petimba) o Bluespotted Cornetfish (Fistularia tabacaria) 11 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Fistulariidae Characteristics Share many similar characteristics with the Aulostomids (Trumpetfishes) Long snout with a large mouth at the end o Used as a pipette-slurp-gun to suck up prey Found on reefs as lie and wait predators o dorsal scutes, and lacks chin barbel 12 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Family Aulostomidae Trumpetfishes Local species o Trumpetfish (Aulostomus maculatus) 13 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Aulostomidae Characteristics Rounded caudal fin, ctenoid scales, and barbels on the chin Masters of disguise, approaches prey and feeds in manner similar to Fistulariids 14 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Trumpetfish 15 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Family Syngnathidae Pipefishes and Seahorses Local species: o Lined Seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) o Northern Pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus) 16 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Australian Seadragon Seahorses Caudal fin is modified prehensile organ for gripping Swim in upright fashion feeding on invertebrates (hydroid colonies) 18 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae Pipefishes Seahorse Reproduction All Syngnathids are viviparous o Male seahorse has a brood pouch on the underside of the tail o Female lays eggs in the pouch where they incubate o Young are expelled once they are able to swim 20 Atherinidae thru Syngnathidae