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Chapter 14 Two Societies at War 1861-1865 Part 3 of 4 Toward Total War • To sustain the allegiance of Northerners to their party while bolstering the Union’s ability to fight the war, the Republicans… • 1) raised tariffs; • 2) created a national banking system; • 3) devised a system of internal improvements, especially railroads; and • 4) developed the Homestead Act of 1862. • The Confederate government’s economic policy was less coherent. The Davis administration… • 1) built and operated shipyards, armories, foundries, and textile mills; • 2) commandeered food and raw materials; and • 3) requisitioned slaves to work on forts. Union versus Confederate resources at the beginning of the Civil War, 1860 Toward Total War • • The Union government created a modern nation-state that raised revenue for the war by imposing… • 1) broad-based taxes, • 2) borrowing from the middle classes, and • 3) creating a national monetary system based on the Legal Tender Act of 1862, which authored the issue of $150 million in treasury notes, soon to be known as greenbacks. The Confederacy lacked a central government. It financed about 60% of its expenses with unbacked paper money, which created inflation. Also, citizens’ property rights were violated in order to sustain the war. 1862 United States Greenback (front and back) The Turning Point: 1863 Emancipation •As war casualties mounted in 1862, Lincoln and some Republican leaders accepted Frederick Douglass’ argument and began to redefine the war as a struggle against slavery (fighting for freedom). •.Exploiting the disorder of wartime, tens of thousands of slaves escaped and sought refuge behind Union lines, where they were known as “contrabands.” •Congress passed the First Confiscation Act in 1861, which authorized the seizure of all property—including slaves—used to support the rebellion. In April 1862 Congress enacted legislation ending slavery in the District of Columbia, and in June it enacted the Wilmot Proviso. July 1862 the Second Confiscation Act declared “forever free” all fugitive slaves and all slaves captured by the Union army. •In •Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, changed the nature of the conflict: Union troops became agents of liberation. To reassure Northerners who sympathized with the South or feared race warfare, Lincoln urged slaves to abstain from all violence. 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment “Ferris Bueller” (Matthew Broderick) as Robert Gould Shaw (left), and the real life Colonel Robert Gould Shaw (right). The 2nd Battle of Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863 saw the “glorious defeat” and decimation of almost the entire 54th, including Colonel Shaw. In defeat against impossible odds, the 54th secured their glory and eternal respect. The Turning Point: 1863 Vicksburg and Gettysburg •Vicksburg, Mississippi, surrendered to the Union army on July 4, 1863, followed by Port Hudson, Louisiana, five days later, establishing Union control of the Mississippi. Grant had cut off Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas from the rest of the Confederacy; hundreds of slaves deserted their plantations. •The battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was a great Union victory and the most lethal battle of the Civil War. The North repelled the Confederacy’s attempt to invade the Union. The South hoped to demonstrate its strength and cause the North to let go. The Confederacy’s loss was a major turning point in the War Between the States. •It did not escape the attention of most Americans that both victories concluded on the 4th of July… American Independence Day. An artist’s view of the fighting in the Civil War. The Turning Point: 1863 • After Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Republicans reaped political gains in their elections, while Confederate elections went sharply against politicians who supported Davis. • The Confederates’ defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg ended their prospect of winning foreign recognition and acquiring advanced weapons from the British. • British manufacturers were no longer dependent on the South for cotton; however, they were dependent on the North for cheap wheat. Also, the British championed the abolitionist cause and wanted to avoid provoking a well-armed United States. Battle of Gettysburg, Matthew Brady photographer The Union Victorious, 1864-1865 Soldiers and Strategy •Lincoln initially refused to consider blacks for military service. •The Emancipation Proclamation changed popular thinking and military policy; some northern whites argued that if blacks were to benefit from a Union victory, they should share in the fighting and dying. •As white resistance to conscription increased, the Lincoln administration was recruiting as many African Americans as it could. Robert Gould Shaw and Massachusetts 54th Regiment Memorial, Boston Augustus Saint-Gaudens artist •Military service did not end racial discrimination, yet African Americans volunteered for Union military service in disproportionate numbers. •Ultimately, about 10% of the Union Army was made up of African-Americans. End of Lecture Chapter 14, Part 3 of 4