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Chapter 9 Study Guide
Key Terms
Eleanor of Aquitaine-most powerful woman in the 12th century; wife to Louis VI, then
Henry II; mother of Richard the Lionhearted.
Philip IV-king of France in 13th century who represented a new tradition called the
“medieval nation-state”; after Pope Boniface VIII attempted to prevent Phillip IV from taxing
the French clergy, Philip IV kidnapped Boniface VIII and released him as a humiliated wreck.
demesne-obligated number of days serfs had to work for the lord.
knight-mounted warrior; in Germany most knights were serfs until the 13th century; in
France, northern Italy, England, and Spain knights worked their way up the social ladder;
Richard the Lion-Hearted of England considered himself part of a chivalric world.
vassal-were given fiefs from their lords in return for whatever service the lords asked of
them.
chivalry-the sum of the ideal qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity,
valor, and dexterity in arms.
lectio divina-divine reading; the process of reading and studying the Bible.
Truce of God-movement that attempted to protect peasants, merchants, and clerics from
aristocratic violence and to limit the times when warfare was allowed; this led to a redirection of
attacks against other Christians to the defense of Christian society; this led to the Crusades.
Frederick Barbarossa-after the Kurdish Muslim commander Saladin defeated the Latin
Kingdom at Hattin and reconquered Jerusalem, Frederick and the kings of France and England
responded with the Third Crusade in the 12th century; Frederick drowned in Anatolia during the
Third Crusade.
usury-borrowing or lending on credit; churchmen regarded the practice as a form of
simony (the buying and selling of spiritual goods) and condemned it. Despite this, usury
continued and has led to modern business practices.
Guelphs-papal faction supported by the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire; overtime
became wealthy and wanted to keep the status quo; name derived from the Welf family; opposed
the Ghibellines.
quadrivium-comprised of four subjects taught in medieval universities.
Philip II Augustus-king of France; part of the Third Crusade with Richard the LionHearted and Frederick Barbarossa; he granted a charter that allowed universities in France to be
uncontrolled by the city.
Heloise-niece of an important cleric who was married to Peter Abelard; after Abelard
was castrated, she entered a monastery.
Dominic-founder of an order of friars called the Dominicans who adopted a rule of strict
poverty and preached to the 13th century society. Due to their non-affiliations to the noble
aristocracy, they became favored by the growing centralized monarchies.
lay investiture-practice by which kings and emperors appointed bishops and invested
them with the symbols of their office.
Concordat of Worms-an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor
Henry V to allow the king to invest bishops with secular authority over their lands but not sacred
authority.
Fourth Lateran Council-culminated the reforms of the 12th century and had a lasting
effect on the spiritual life of the clergy and laity alike.
John-English king; son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine; lost Normandy, Maine,
Anjoy, Poitou, and Touraine to the French king Philip II Augustus in the Battle of Bouvines in
1214; signed the Magna Carta in 1215.
Louis IX-French king who led the Seventh & Eighth Crusades; was a good king; won the
favor of his subjects.
William of Normandy-after Edward the Confessor died in England, William of
Normandy (aka ‘the Conqueror) fought with Earl Harold Godwinson and the Norwegian king
Harold III for the throne of England. William the Conqueror defeated these two men at the
Battle of Hastings in 1066. William’s ability to raise money for England was his most prominent
feature. He also established the language “English”; it was a mix of Norman-French, Angle, and
Saxon. He ordered the writing of the “Domesday Book.” A prominent innovation of William’s
England was the use of “exchequer” to audit the returns of his sheriffs.
Edward I-strong and effective king of England who conquered Wales, defended against
France, and expanded the common law. He held the first parley or parliament to take advantage
of the barons’ involvement in government (this was about 50 years after the Magna Carta was
signed).
Henry II-after marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry II (before Henry of Anjou) became
king of England. He and Eleanor produced four sons, who (because of Eleanor’s lineage) were
also the greatest magnates in France. Henry II (r. 1154-1189) tried to control the clergy and the
nobility, thus furthering the centralization of power in England. However, archbishop of
Canterbury Thomas a Becket disagreed with Henry II’s concept of lay investiture. This led to
Becket’s downfall and Henry II maintained royal authority over the Church.
Richard the Lionhearted-king/knight of England; he, Frederick Barbarossa, and Philip
II Augustus of France fought together against the Muslims in the Third Crusade and were
defeated; he failed to recapture Jerusalem after Frederick drowned and the quarrel with Philip II
Augustus; he signed a peace treaty with Saladin, the Muslim commander who defeated the Latin
Kingdom in Jerusalem; Richard was imprisoned in Austria and held for ransom, Eleanor of
Aquitaine (his mother) bought his freedom.
open-field system-peasants spilt their land into 3 parts: 1) planted in autumn with wheat
or rye, 2) remained fallow, 3) planted in spring with barley, rye, or a leguminous crop which add
nutrients to the soil.
Parliament-England’s congress; representatives of towns met at these “parleys” to talk
about their town’s interests and to consult about their town’s taxations; established by Edward I
of England.
fief-grant given to vassals by a lord; parcel of productive land and the serfs and privlidges
attached to it; the vassals were allowed to keep the fief as long as their family lineage continued
and they could provide the service need to keep the fief; when a vassal’s lineage dies out his fief
goes back to the lord.
Benedictines-thanks to the support of peasants and nobles, Benedictine monasteries
reached their height in the 11th and 12th centuries. Monks practiced lectio divina.
Cistercians-monastic reform-minded community who urged for the return of simplicity
in the monastic life and separation from the rest of society (the laity). Robert of Molesme was a
noted Cistercian reformer. He and other Cistercians built rural churches and sought to limit the
violence of aristocratic life (i.e. warfare between Christians). This ideology led to the Peace of
God and eventually the Crusades.
Crusades-holy wars (8) against the Muslims in the 11th-13th centuries; the first crusade
was the only successful war-it led to the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of the Latin
Kingdom; Pope Urban II first influenced Westerns to carry out the first crusade against the
Muslim infidels.
Third Crusade-After Saladin (Kurdish Muslim commander) defeated the Latin
Kingdom at Hattin, Emperor Frederick Bararossa, Philip II Augustus, and Richard the LionHearted waged the third crusade in the hope of recapturing Jerusalem and the reestablishment of
the Latin Kingdom; the third crusade ended badly for the Westerners; Frederick drowned, Philip
abandoned the crusade, and Richard ended up signing a peace treaty with Saladin and soon after
was captured in Austria on his way home.
guilds-organizations led by masters who specialized in a certain craft need for the town
they lived in; guilds allowed masters to regulate every aspect of their trades and protect
themselves from competition; guilds gave licenses which certified people to open their own shop
and thus be part of the guild; guilds regulated production and set prices and wages.
merchant-drapiers-wealthy patricians who were in control of cloth production and city
government.
Corpus jurus civilis-body of civil law compiled by Justinian of Rome.
Francis of Assisi-established the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) by permission of
Pope Innocent III; son of a wealthy Italian merchant; his order stressed simplicity, radical
poverty, and service to others; the conventuals opposed Francis’ radical order whose members
were called rigorists.
Dominicans-created by Dominic; see Dominic.
Henry IV-emperor of Germany who argued with Pope Gregory VII on the issue of lay
investiture (the appointment of German bishops by the emperor); after Henry IV was
excommunicated by the pope, he asked for repentance and got it at Canossa. Henry IV
continued to appoint bishops and they became more loyal to him even after Pope Gregory VII
excommunicated him again. Henry IV and his men marched to Rome which forced the pope to
flee to the Normans in southern Italy.
Innocent III-pope during the height of the papacy; deposed and excommunicated kings;
summoned a crusade against the heretics in southern France; placed England/France under
interdict; supported Francis of Assisi and Dominic; called the Fourth Lateran Council
(culminated the reforms of the past century and had a lasting effect on clergy/laity) in 1215.
Boniface VIII-pope in the late 13th century who attempted to prevent French king Philip
IV from taxing the French clergy; ended up humiliated and released from office.
Bouvines-Philip II Augustus defeated John’s ally, emperor Otto IV, thus sealing the
English loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, and Touraine to the French.
Albigensian Crusade- 20-year military campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to
eliminate the heresy of the Cathars of Languedoc; helped create the Dominican order.
sheriffs- political and legal office held under common law.
Thomas Becket-archbishop of Canterbury who refused Henry II’s (king of England)
claim to jurisdiction over clergy; after he was stricken down, Henry II maintained royal authority
over the Church.
Angevin Empire-collection of states located in Ireland, England, and half of medieval
France.
serf-peasants who offered protection by a lord in exchange for crops and services that
could be provided for the lord.
Bernard of Clairvaux-most influential advocate of the Second Crusade; was venerated a
saint after he died; accused Peter Abelard of heresy.
commune-citizens who sought to govern themselves; communes sought to control every
aspect of civil life: prices, markets, weights and measures, sanitation, and medical care; can be
compared to the Greek city-states; two parties were formed in the communes: the society of the
knights (which sought to protect their privileged positions in the towns) and the society of the
people (which sought to restraint in the violent and independent-minded nobles).
Investiture Controversy- the most significant conflict between secular and religious
powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman
Emperor (Henry IV) and the Gregorian Papacy (Gregory VII) concerning who would control
appointments of church officials (investiture).
Thomas Aquinas-professor of theology who refused to accept the possibility that human
reason (a gift from God) led to contradictions with divine revelation; wrote the Summa Against
the Gentiles and Summa of Theology; replaced Christian doctrine’s Neoplatonic base with an
Aristotelian base.
Peace of God-along with the Truce of God, the Peace of God attempted to protect
peasants, merchants, and clerics from aristocratic violence and to limit the times when warfare
was allowed. The goals of warfare were shifted from Christian-Christian wars to the defense of
Christian society. This led to the Crusades of the High Middle Ages.
Urban II-pope during the late 11th century; urged Westerns to free Jerusalem from
Muslim occupation thus influencing the start of the First Crusade.
Fourth Crusade-holy war which was sidetracked (with Venetian encouragement) to the
sacking of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople.
Ghibellines-imperial faction named after the Waiblingen castle (which belonged to the
family of Frederick II) that opposed the papal faction Guelphs.
trivium-the three ways: grammar, logic, and rhetoric; principal undergraduate course at
universities in the High Middle Ages; beginning courses of the liberal arts.
Peter Abelard-intellectual of the 12th century; founded the scholastic method; was
castrated as a result of refusing to publicly marry Heloise, a prominent cleric’s niece; became
abbot of a small monastery in Brittany; died in monastery of Cluny.
Franciscans-see Francis of Assisi
Otto I “the Great”-crowned emperor of the German Empire by the pope after defeating
the Magyars and conquering Lombardy in northern Italy; son of Duke Henry I of Saxony; greatly
relied on church officials and gained their loyalty.
Gregory VII-pope during Henry IV’s reign of the Holy Roman Empire;
excommunicated Henry IV due to his continuing insistence that he should be the one appointing
bishops to their offices; Gregory VII was eventually forced to flee Rome and found refuge in
southern Italy where he died.
interdict-the suspension of all religious services when rulers dared to contradict the
pope; Pope Innocent III used this against France and England.
Capetians-Hugh Capet began this long line of kings of France (987-1314); the Capetian
dynasty ruled France (starting with Isle of France); by outlasting the families of great barons, the
Capetians were able to absorb more and more lands and thus creating the nation-state of France.
Magna Carta-great charter of liberties (1215); conservative feudal document demanding
that the king respect the rights of his vassals and of the burghers of London; by signing this
document, King John of England acknowledged that the office of king was not above the law;
the Magna Carta followed John’s extremes of fiscal extortion caused by his numerous failures to
hold England’s continental lands.
Harold Godwinson-earl who disputed that he should be the successor of King Edward
the Confessor of England; when he was shipwrecked on the Norman coast, he was befriended by
Duke William of Normandy and swore to help him become the king of England; after defeating
King Harold III of Norway, Earl Harold met his end in the Battle of Hastings (1066) against
William ‘the Conqueror.’
Domesday Book-the most extensive investigation of economic rights since the late
Roman tax rolls had been abandoned by the Merovingians; was written so that William knew the
extent of his new kingdom (of England) and its wealth.
common law- law is created and refined by judges.
Geographical Locations
Normandy-region in northern France.
Flanders-region overlapping parts of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.
Papal States-region in eastern Italy.
Hungary-region in Eastern Europe.
Cluny- town in east-central France; its church, “The Benedictine Cluny Abbey” became
the most prestigious monastic institution in Europe during the High Middle Ages.
Burgundy-region in France.
Anjou-region in western France.
Bologna-region in northern Italy.
Poland-region in central Europe (west of Germany).
Ile de France-metropolitan area of Paris.
Citeaux-town in France; Robert Mulesme founded the prosperous Citaeux Abbey here;
the Cistercian order originated in Citeaux.
Genoa-seaport in northern Italy.
Paris-captial of France.
Bohemia-region in the western Czech lands.
Pisa-town in central Italy.
Aquitaine-region in southwestern part of France; bordered with Spain, Pyrenees
mountain range, and the Atlantic Ocean.