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MOTHER BOARD LAYOUT
Processor
Note: L1 & L2 are Cache
L1
L2
FSB
Graphics
NORTH BRIDGE
Memory (RAM)
DMI
PCI
SATA
SOUTH BRIDGE
KBD, Mouse, HDD,
CD/DVD
PCIX
USB
BIOS
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Speed Depends upon Processor, L1 and L2 Cache, FSB (Front Side Bus)
FSB has 1.3 Ghz max transfer rate
DDR - Double Data Rate
Motherboard describes: Max RAM Gb can be fixed, Processor Support
DMI – Direct Media Interface
NB – North Bridge
SB – South Bridge
PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnection
PCIX - Peripheral Component Interconnection Xpress One
eSATA – Express Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SATA –Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
PATA (old one) – Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
BIOS – Basic Input Output System
BIOS cannot be altered
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
The first step to building a computer is acquiring the parts. This guide will start with a
quick explanation of essential parts and elaborate on them further on.
A computer is made up of a case (or chassis) which houses several important internal
components, and provides places to connect the external components, including nonperipherals.
Inside the case go the following internal parts:
Power Supply/PSU – power supply unit, converts outlet power, which is alternating
current (AC), to direct current (DC) which is required by internal components, as well
as providing appropriate voltages and currents for these internal components.
Motherboard/mainboard – As the name indicates, this is the electronic centerpiece of
the computer: everything else connects to the motherboard.
Processor/CPU – central processing unit, the "brain" of the computer, most actual
computation takes place here.
RAM – random access memory, the "short-term memory" of a computer, used by the
CPU to store program instructions and data upon which it is currently operating. Data
in RAM is lost when the computer is powered off, thus necessitating a hard drive.
Optional components follow: (Components that depend on the function that will be
given to the machine)
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
Hard Drive/Hard Disk – the "long-term memory" of the computer, used for persistent
storage – i.e. the things stored on it remain even when the computer is powered
down. The operating system, and all your programs and data are stored here.
Optical Drive – device for reading/writing optical disks. May read CDs, DVDs, or other
optical media, depending on the type. It is essential for installing many operating
systems and programs. It may be able to write some of these discs, as well. Some
people like to have two such drives for copying disks.
Video Card/Graphics Card/GPU – does processing relating to video output. Some
motherboards have an "onboard" GPU built in so you don’t need (but may add) a
separate video card. Otherwise, you will need a video card. These plug into a slot on
the motherboard and provide a place to connect a monitor to your computer.
On top of the internal components listed above, you will also need these external
components:
Keyboard – for typing on. Many motherboards won't even boot without a keyboard
attached.
Mouse – for pointing and clicking. Unless you chose a text-based operating system,
you will likely want one of these.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
Monitor – This is where the pretty pictures go. They come in many forms, the most
common being CRT and LCD.
These are the parts that a standard PC will use. We are not considering such esoterica
as headless, touchscreen, or voice-controlled systems. You might want to make a
check list (perhaps using a spreadsheet) of parts to use as you go about your process
of research and selection. That way you won’t find yourself sitting down with a pile of
brand new hardware only to find that you forgot an essential component.
Before you jump onto the web and start spending lots of money on expensive
computer parts, there are three important questions you should answer which will
guide your purchases:
What will be the main function of the computer?
What useful parts do you have on hand, from an old computer or otherwise?
How much can you afford to spend on the system?
Chipset
The function of BIOS is highly important. Some BIOS feature crash proof functions
essential for updating the firmware. Other motherboards allow BIOS control of
overclocking of CPU, RAM and Graphics card which are much more stable and safer for
overclocking. Newer BIOS have temperature controls, and functions that shut down
the computer if the temperature gets too high.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
RAM
Double-Data-Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, better known as
DDR SDRAM or DDR RAM for short, is a type of very fast computer memory. DDR
RAM is based on the same architecture as SDRAM, but utilizes the clock signal
differently to transfer twice the data in the same amount of time.
In a computer system, the clock signal is an oscillating frequency used to coordinate
interaction between digital circuits. Simply put, it synchronizes communication. Digital
circuits designed to operate on the clock signal may respond at the rising or falling
edge of the signal. SDRAM memory chips utilized only the rising edge of the signal to
transfer data, while DDR RAM transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the
clock signal. Hence, DDR RAM is essentially twice as fast as SDRAM.
RAM speed works in conjunction with the front side bus (FSB) of a computer system.
The FSB is the two-way data channel that sends information from the central
processing unit (CPU) throughout the motherboard to the various components,
including the RAM, BIOS chips, hard drives and PCI slots. Therefore, a computer
system with a FSB of 133MHz running DDR SDRAM will essentially perform like a
266MHz machine.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
RAM
The 184-pin DDR RAM dual in-line memory modules (DIMMS) only work properly in a
motherboard designed for their use. While DDR RAM comes in various speeds,
installing a version faster than a motherboard can support is a waste of money. The
DDR RAM will only run as fast as the motherboard permits. DDR RAM is visually
differentiated from SDRAM in that SDRAM is a 168-pin DIMM with a double notch at
the bottom along the pins -- one notch just off-center, the other offside. The 184-pin
DDR SDRAM has a single off-center notch.
DDR RAM is generally made for processors 1GHz and faster. Designations like PC1600
DDR SDRAM and PC2100 DDR SDRAM coincide with particular FSB and CPU speeds.
AMD and Intel use different schemes to designate processor speed, and the various
technicalities in RAM designations and standards can be confusing. Check your
motherboard manual to see what RAM type is compatible with your system before
purchasing memory.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
Cache
Cache (pronounced cash) memory is extremely fast memory that is built into a
computer’s central processing unit (CPU), or located next to it on a separate chip. The
CPU uses cache memory to store instructions that are repeatedly required to run
programs, improving overall system speed. The advantage of cache memory is that the
CPU does not have to use the motherboard’s system bus for data transfer. Whenever
data must be passed through the system bus, the data transfer speed slows to the
motherboard’s capability. The CPU can process data much faster by avoiding the
bottleneck created by the system bus.
As it happens, once most programs are open and running, they use very few
resources. When these resources are kept in cache, programs can operate more
quickly and efficiently. All else being equal, cache is so effective in system performance
that a computer running a fast CPU with little cache can have lower benchmarks than
a system running a somewhat slower CPU with more cache. Cache built into the CPU
itself is referred to as Level 1 (L1) cache. Cache that resides on a separate chip next to
the CPU is called Level 2 (L2) cache. Some CPUs have both L1 and L2 cache built-in and
designate the separate cache chip as Level 3 (L3) cache.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
Cache
Cache that is built into the CPU is faster than separate cache, running at the speed of
the microprocessor itself. However, separate cache is still roughly twice as fast as
Random Access Memory (RAM). Cache is more expensive than RAM, but it is well
worth getting a CPU and motherboard with built-in cache in order to maximize system
performance.
Disk caching applies the same principle to the hard disk that memory caching applies
to the CPU. Frequently accessed hard disk data is stored in a separate segment of RAM
in order to avoid having to retrieve it from the hard disk over and over. In this case,
RAM is faster than the platter technology used in conventional hard disks. This
situation will change, however, as hybrid hard disks become ubiquitous. These disks
have built-in flash memory caches. Eventually, hard drives will be 100% flash drives,
eliminating the need for RAM disk caching, as flash memory is faster than RAM.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
front side bus (FSB)
A front side bus (FSB) is an electrical pathway on a computer’s motherboard, which
connects the various hardware components to the main microprocessor, or central
processing unit (CPU). If you think of the CPU as the brain of the computer, and the
memory, hard disk and other components as organs, the front side bus would be akin
to the main nervous system than links the organs to the brain.
The front side bus is bi-directional, meaning data can flow both ways, allowing
components to send and receive data from the CPU. Since so much data passes
through the front side bus, a computer’s overall performance will be dependent, in
part, on the speed of the FSB. Speed depends on how wide the front side bus is, its
frequency, and the amount of data it can process per clock tick of the CPU.
The front side bus’ width is determined by bit-size. A 32-bit FSB is twice as wide as a
16-bit front side bus. Frequency is indicated by the FSB’s megahertz (MHz). All else
being equal, a 400 MHz front side bus will be faster than a 300 MHz FSB. Also
considered is how many data transfers per tick the front side bus can deliver.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
front side bus (FSB)
The front side bus communicates with components through the computer’s chipset.
The chipset consists of two processors, known as the Northbridge and the
Southbridge. These two chips collect data from specific components, channeling all
information to the CPU through the front side bus.
The speed of the Northbridge and Southbridge buses is dependent on the speed of
the front side bus. A fast CPU installed on a motherboard with a front side bus that is
not efficient enough for the CPU will result in data bottlenecks. The CPU will perform
computations faster than the front side bus can process them. While this doesn’t hurt
the computer, the CPU will often sit idle, waiting for new instructions from the front
side bus. To realize the full performance benefits of a fast CPU, a fast front side bus is
also required.
1. Configure a desktop computer for a home use? And
explain in very brief on chipset, cache, RAM, FSB (Front
Side Bus)? (Quick Run)
front side bus (FSB)
To further improve performance, modern motherboards feature a back side bus that
directly connects the CPU to special cache (memory) reserves. These CPU cache
reserves are commonly known as Level 2 (L2) and Level 3 (L3) cache. The CPU will
store frequently accessed data here for quick retrieval.
In modern computers systems, Accelerated Graphics Ports (AGPs) and Peripheral
Component Interconnect (PCI) slots, both Standard and Express, use their own buses
for processing graphic data directly, relieving the front side bus of traffic. This helps
boost benchmarks and also improves video processing for gaming and streaming
multimedia applications like movies.
3. Need and Use of Computer Networks?
Why You Need a Computer Network
If your business has more than one computer, chances are you could benefit from
networking them. A local area network (LAN) connects your company's computers,
allowing them to share and exchange a variety of information. While one computer
can be useful on its own, several networked computers can be much more useful.
Here are some of the ways a computer network can help your business:
File sharing: Have you ever needed to access a file stored on another computer? A
network makes it easy for everyone to access the same file and prevents people from
accidentally creating different versions.
Printer sharing: If you use a computer, chances are you also use a printer. With a
network, several computers can share the same printer. Although you might need a
more expensive printer to handle the added workload, it's still cheaper to use a
network printer than to connect a separate printer to every computer in your office.
Communication and collaboration: It's hard for people to work together if no one
knows what anyone else is doing. A network allows employees to share files, view
other people's work, and exchange ideas more efficiently. In a larger office, you can
use e-mail and instant messaging tools to communicate quickly and to store messages
for future reference.
3. Need and Use of Computer Networks?
Why You Need a Computer Network
Organization: A variety of scheduling software is available that makes it possible to
arrange meetings without constantly checking everyone's schedules. This software
usually includes other helpful features, such as shared address books and to-do lists.
Remote access: Having your own network allows greater mobility while maintaining
the same level of productivity. With remote access in place, users are able to access
the same files, data, and messages even when they're not in the office. This access can
even be given to mobile handheld devices.
Data protection: You should know by now that it's vital to back up your computer data
regularly. A network makes it easier to back up all of your company's data on an offsite
server, a set of tapes, CDs, or other backup systems. (Of course, another aspect of data
protection is data security. In our article, What Is a Firewall? you can read more about
how a network can protect the data it transmits.)
Of course, this isn't a complete list; once you have a network, you'll probably find
many other uses for it. And once you get used to the benefits of a network, you'll
never look at your computer the same way again.
Internet telephone service - So-called Voice over IP (VoIP) services allow you to make
and receive phone calls through your home network across the Internet, saving you
money.
4. Explain LAN, MAN, WAN?
LAN: (local area network as listed in our computer terms page) A group of computers
that share a common connection and are usually in a small area or even in the same
building. For example an office or home network. They are usually connected by
Ethernet cables and have high speed connections. If it was a wireless setup it would
be called a WLAN, which would have a lower connection speed.
MAN: (metropolitan area network) This is a larger network that connects computer
users in a particular geographic area or region. For example a large university may
have a network so large that it may be classified as a MAN. The MAN network usually
exist to provide connectivity to local ISPs, cable tv, or large corporations. It is far larger
than a LAN and smaller than a WAN. Also large cities like London and Sydney, Australia
have metropolitan area networks.
WAN: (wide area network) This is the largest network and can interconnect networks
throughout the world and is not restricted to a geographical location. The Internet is
an example of a worldwide public WAN. Most WANs exist to connect LANs that are not
in the same geographical area. This technology is high speed and very expensive to
setup.
5. Difference between LAN and WAN?
A local area network (LAN) exists in a house or a university campus, while a wide area
network (WAN) exists over many office buildings separated by a vast distance. The
office buildings in a WAN may be in different countries or even continents. For
example, the headquarters building may be in the USA, the regional office building
may be in the UK, and the branch office building may be in India. The workers in the
three buildings use WAN to collaborate with each other. The Internet can also be
considered as a WAN. Let's take a look at the LAN vs. WAN comparison check.
Difference between LAN and WAN
The other difference between LAN and WAN, is the speed of the network. The
maximum speed of a LAN can be 1000 megabits per second, while the speed of a
WAN can go up to 150 megabits per second. This means the speed of a WAN, is onetenth of the speed of a LAN. A WAN is usually slower because it has lower bandwidth.
5. Difference between LAN and WAN?
Computers in a LAN can share a printer, if they are all in the same LAN. On the other
hand, a WAN cannot share a printer, so a computer in one country cannot use a
printer in another country. A LAN does not need a dedicated computer to direct traffic
to and from the Internet, unlike a WAN that needs a special-purpose computer, whose
only purpose is to send and receive data from the Internet.
Another LAN vs. WAN comparison is the cost of the network. A WAN is more
expensive than a LAN. It is easier to expand a LAN than a WAN. The equipment
needed for a LAN is a network interface card (NIC), a switch and a hub. On the other
hand, the equipment needed to connect a WAN to the Internet is a modem and a
router. The modem may be a cable modem or a DSL modem that is connected to a
wall jack, while the router should be configured so that it can handle the packets
traveling between the WAN and the Internet.
5. Difference between LAN and WAN?
In LAN vs. WAN, there is a difference in the networking standard used. A LAN uses the
Ethernet standard, while a WAN uses the T1 standard. Before Ethernet, the protocols
used for LAN were Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCNET) and Token Ring.
The protocols used for WAN are Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM).
Another protocol for WAN is Packet over SONET/SDH (PoS), where SONET stands for
Synchronous Optical Networking and SDH stands for Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.
The first WAN protocol was X.25, while an advanced WAN protocol is Multiprotocol
Label Switching (MPLS). The hardware in a LAN is connected with 10Base-T cable
connectors, while a WAN is connected via leased lines or satellites.
Here is an explanation of LANs and WANs. A LAN is easy to set up, as you need to slip
the NIC into the PCI slot (for desktop computers) or PCMCIA slot (for laptop
computers). You also need to install the driver for the NIC. The NIC can be connected
to the network using the RJ45 port.
On the other hand, a WAN is very difficult to set up. There is often an appliance to
optimize the WAN. There is also a device to cache WAN data, so workers in the branch
office can quickly access documents. The router also has Quality of Service (QoS) built
in, so that it gives priority to certain kinds of traffic.
5. Difference between LAN and WAN?
There are various topologies available in LAN and WAN networking. The most common
topologies in LAN and WAN networks are ring and star. The ring topology is a network
in which every node (every computer) is connected to exactly two other nodes. The
star topology is a network in which all the nodes (called leaf nodes or peripheral
nodes) are connected to a central node.