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Chapter 16 Refers to the use of pitches foreign to the key of the passage. Altered Chords: the use of tones from outside the scale as members of chords. Most Common altered chord is the: “Secondary Function” Secondary Dominant- V Secondary Leading Tone- viio 3 Simple Steps: Find the root of the chord that is to be “tonicized” Go up a P5 Using that note as the root, spell a major triad (for V of) or a major-minor seventh chord (for V7 of) #1. Is the altered chord a major triad or major-minor seventh chord? If not, than it is not a secondary dominant #2. Find the note a P5 below the root of the altered chord #3. Would a major or minor triad built on that note be a diatonic triad in this key? If so, the altered chord is a secondary dominant. 7th of the V7 Resolves down by step Leading tone (or 3rd of the secondary dominant chord) resolves up by step. Keep the Common Tone Remaining voice moves by step contrary to the bass Find the Root of the chord to be “tonicized” Go Down a minor 2nd Using that note as the root, spell a diminished triad (for viio of), a diminished 7th chord (viio7 of), or a half-diminished seventh chord (for vii O/7 of) Is the chord a diminished triad, a diminished seventh, or a half-diminished seventh chord? If not, it is not a secondary leading-tone chord. Find the note a m2 above the root of the altered chord Would a major or minor triad built on that note be a diatonic triad in this key? If so, the altered chord is probably a secondary leading-tone chord. Do not double the root of the vii chord Make sure the vii chord is not in root position Leading Tone (root of the 7th chord) resolves up by step 7th of the viio7 chord resolves down Remaining two voices should use smooth voice leading when possible Should the resulting chord be a fully diminished seven chord or a half-diminished vii chord chord? Follow these principles: If the triad you are resolving to is minor, use vii fully diminished 7 If the triad you are resolving to is major, use either vii half-diminished 7 or vii fully diminished 7, although the fully diminished version appears to be used more often in music.