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The Renaissance The Renaissance Attitude: • Individualism • Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian • Revival of Classical values Means rebirth • Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome) • Begins in Italy Characteristics Urban society = “city states” Recovery from “horror” of 14th Century (plague (black death), church problems, political instability) Belief in human achievement & individualism Largely reserved for wealthy upper class The Italian States Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and political life Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous trading centers that help promote “Renaissance spirit” Italy= no king How did they get there? Medici Family 13th - 17th Century Florentines • Attained great wealth via banking & trade industries • Wealth = political power • Greatest contribution to the Renaissance was in sponsorship of artists and architects Renaissance Society Middle Ages =society divided into 3 estates or social classes: 1. Nobility 2. Peasants or Townspeople 3. Clergy Similar structure during Renaissance, however, important change taking place Nobility Only 3% of population but dominate European society: • Hold important political posts • Advisors to monarchs, popes, princes • Land & business owners • Intent on acquiring, holding, and keeping POWER Nobility and Behavior Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill certain ideals or standards Outlined by Castiglione (kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in The Book of Courtier (1528) 1. A noble is born, not made; “blood will out” 2. Military skill & classical education 3. Code of conduct Power Machiavelli – The Prince, (1505) 1. One of most influential books ever written on “how to acquire and keep political power” 2. A political realist = The “end justifies the mean” Peasants and Townspeople By 1500: More and more peasants became legally free from the “manorial system” Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople, diverse urban setting Still a rather miserable life Marriage and the Family Arranged marriages Dowry (sum of $ paid by wife’s family to husband upon marriage) Father is absolute head of household Adulthood reached when children officially “freed” from father’s rule Humanism Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on the “individual” = Humanism Quote, pg. 164 Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek & Roman literary works) Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, poetry, philosophy, history • Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind Intellectual and Artistic Contributors Petrarch (1304-1374) • Often called father of Renaissance • Gathered, recovered, and organized Latin manuscripts thus creating large collections or libraries for scholarly study • Humanists’ stressed using Latin Dante (1265-1321) • Famous work = Divine Comedy (soul’s journey to salvation) Chaucer (1343-1400) • Famous work = The Canterbury Tales (collection of stories – 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, England) • Both Chaucer and Dante= vernacular literature Christine de Pizan (1365-1430) • Famous work = The Book of the City of Ladies (denounced male scholars & writers that argued women, by nature, were unable to learn to level equal with men) Masaccio (1401-1428) • Famous work = Known for “fresco” painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Brunelleschi (1377-1446) • Famous work = architect, best known for cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del Fiore Donatello (1386-1466) • Famous work = sculptor, best known for St. George and St. Mark statues in Florence Raphael (1483-1520) • Famous works = painter with countless achievements (Madonna paintings) Michelangelo (1483-1520) • Famous works = painter, sculptor – best known for Sistine Chapel & David