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Exploration and Expansion 1400 – 1700 •1. •2. •3. •4. Voyages of Discovery Conquest and Colonies New Patterns of Trade The Atlantic Slave Trade •Between 1400’s and 1700’s, a new world opened up for Europe. •Sailors set out on great voyages of discovery to lands that the people of Europe had not previously known existed. •As news of the discoveries spread, countries scrambled to claim new lands, setting up colonies in hopes of gaining wealth and power. 1200 - 1800 1. Voyages of Discovery • Pre Columbian Map of the Known world • • During the 1400’s and 1500’s, European explorers sailed to many previously unknown lands Inspired by greed, curiosity, and desire for glory Aided by improvements in technologies 1200 - 1800 Drive for European Exploration 1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Want to trade spices, silks, perfume, and jade from China and India 2. Renaissance a spirit of discovery and innovation had been awakened in Europe that led to a spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery to find new lands or new routes to places already known 3. Reformation refugees & missionaries. Want to spread their religious beliefs to new lands and spread Christian teachings 4. Nation –states – strong centralized governments -Monarchs, kings and queens, seeking new sources of revenue and more power 5. Technological advances made in compasses, maps and ships led to rediscovery. 6. Fame and Fortune – imagine discovery or being the first on Mars, oh wait you already are aliens 1200 - 1800 New Maritime Technologies •The Rediscovery of the New World (Vikings in AD 1000) in the 15th century would not have happened without key advancements in technology. ►Hartman Astrolabe (1532) – used to determine precise location and direction based on the sun and the stars in relation to the horizon ►Better Maps [Portulan] – advances made in map making allowed explorers to track their explorations ►Mariner’s Compass – let sailors know at any time which direction was north ►Sextant – used to determine the altitude of a celestial object above the horizon 1200 - 1800 New Weapons Technology ►Caravel – a light, fast sailing ship that was equipped with weapons, including cannons ►Based on its maneuverability and defensive ability, the caravel quickly became the most popular ship for exploratory voyages ►The invention of the gun powder for the Chinese allowed Europeans to create weapons to overpower their opposition 1200 - 1800 2. Conquest and Colonies • • Portugal and Spain share the Iberian Peninsula, the westernmost extent of continental Europe and the closest to the New World Two countries that kicked off the age of exploration 1200 - 1800 T he Portuguese Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration Prince Henry the Navigator – son of King John I School for Navigation, 1419 – he established a small court to which he brought sailors, mapmakers, astronomers, and others who were interested in navigation 1200 - 1800 Museum of Navigation in Lisbon, Portugal •From this court, Henry sent expeditions west to the islands in the Atlantic and south to explore the western coast of Africa •Settled the Azores and Madeira Islands in the Atlantic Ocean •Learned a great deal about coast of Africa, including gold and slave trade 1200 - 1800 Discoveries of Islands in the Atlantic • • The Canary Islands – These islands are located immediately off the coast of Africa. – Portugal signed an agreement with Spain, known as the Treaty of Alcacovas, in 1479, which allowed Spain to use the Canary Islands. The Azores Islands – These islands are located approximately 1200 miles from the Iberian Peninsula. – These nation-states are one-third of the way to the New World. 1200 - 1800 Portuguese Maritime Empire in A frica 1. Exploring the west coast of Africa. 2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487 – first European to attempt to sail around the southern tip of Africa, a point known today as the Cape of Good Hope 3. Vasco da Gama, 1498 – set out and reached Calicut, India 4. Pedro Cabral – he and his men discovered Brazil 5. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511). 1200 - 1800 The Spanish • • • Like Portugal, Spain was eager to seek out new routes to the riches of the East Once the Spanish drove out the African Muslims, the Moors, they began their conquest of the New World and quickly overpowered Portugal 1492 – King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, agreed to pay for a voyage by an Italian sailor Christopher Columbus 1200 - 1800 Christofo Colon [1451-1506] •He believed that he could sail west from Spain to reach China •He had no idea that the Americas existed •When he reached the Caribbean, he thought he had reached India, and as a result, he called the natives, Indians 1200 - 1800 T he Admiral of T he Atlantic •Each journey was on average was out to sea for about three months. He kept two journals. •First Voyage – the Caribbean •He reached Watling Island (San Salvador). He left and went to Hispaniola (Haiti) and set up the first Spanish colony called Navidad. •He called the natives, Indians. •He found no gold and returned to Spain. •Second Voyage •He landed on Cuba, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico on his second voyage. •He found no gold and returned home. •Third Voyage •He landed on the mainland of South America. (the mouth of the Orinoco River) •He found no gold and returned home. •Fourth Voyage •He landed on Central America on his fourth trip. Once again, he found no gold. •He returned home and died in 1504. 1200 - 1800 ’Four Voyages on Map 1200 - 1800 Americus Vespucci • • • • He was an early accountant from the Italian Peninsula. He represented rich Italian merchants who invested in Spanish colonization. He was sent to Spain to see how the money was being spent. He took a voyage to the New World, returned to Spain, and wrote of his adventure. In 1507, Martin Waldseemuller, a mapmaker from modern day Germany, suggested that the area Vespucci wrote about be called, Americ’s land, or America, in his honor, and the designation was soon accepted all over Europe. 1200 - 1800 Vasco Nunez de Balboa • • In 1513, Balboa crossed Central America and named the sea, the Pacific Ocean. The king and the queen named him Admiral of the Pacific. Ferdinand Magellan • In1519, Magellan left Spain with a fleet of five ships. • Not being able to find any transcontinental passage, he was forced to sail through the straits that now bear his name. • There followed a long journey across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines Islands, where Magellan was killed in a skirmish with the natives. • One of his ships did sail westward around the Cape of Good Hope and finally returned to Spain in 1522. The earth had been circumnavigated. 1200 - 1800 1200 - 1800 Other Voyages of Exploration 1200 - 1800 The French • • • • • • • • • Giovanni da Verrazano (1524) He was an Italian who sailed for France. He sailed up and down the North America coast somewhere near present-day Carolinas to what is now Maine. Jacques Cartier (1534-1542) He explored the St. Lawrence River. He made his way inland via the river. Samuel de Champlain (1603-1615) He explored the St Lawrence as well. He founded Quebec. 1200 - 1800 The English • • • • • John and Sebastian Cabot (1497-1501) In 1497, King Henry VII sponsored a westward voyage to Asia by John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto). He failed to find a passageway to Asia from the west, but he did reach the mainland of North America, in the area of Newfoundland, which gave England its claim. Sir Francis Drake – second man to circumnavigate the world Henry Hudson Tried to find a Northeast Passage, but failed 1200 - 1800 The Dutch • • • By the early years of the 1600’s, the Netherlands, once a Spanish possession, had become a powerful trading nation Henry Hudson –In 1609, to explore the strait and bay that bear his name. For the Netherlands, he explored the Hudson River and reached as far as Albany, New York Atlantic Explorations 1200 - 1800 Conquest and Colonies • Explorers • Official European Colony! • • • • The countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they had discovered but, in some cases, only after violent conquering the native people who lived there The Portuguese and the Spanish conquered South America The French, English and the Dutch conquered North America Thus began the first wave of immigration to America What is the second? The third?? The fourth??? When? The English, under Queen Elizabeth, after defeating the Spanish Armanda in 1588 became the dominating European power in the Western Hemisphere. 1200 - 1800 Spain Builds an Empire • First areas – Caribbean Islands • Encomienda system – a colonist was given a certain amount of land and a number of Native Americans to work the land for him. • In exchange, teach Natives about Christianity • DISASTEROUS for Natives – overworked, mistreated, diseases spread throughout 1200 - 1800 Spanish Conquests: T he Aztecs Mexico vs. •Fernando Cortez – led an •Montezuma II – expedition to Mexico that ended with conquest of the Aztec Empire Aztec emperor in capital – Tenochtitlan – unpopular with Natives around Mexico •Conquistador – conqueror of the Native Peoples 1200 - 1800 T he Death of Montezuma II •Cortez advantages – •Native American Allies •Metal weapons and heavy armor and guns •Horses •On November 8, 1519, battle erupted and Montezuma was killed; 1200 - 1800 Mexico Surrenders to Cortez •After months of heavy fighting, Cortez took the city and the entire Aztec Empire •Next step – Administration of an Empire 1200 - 1800 Spanish Conquest: T he Incas Peru vs. •Francisco Pizarro •10 years after the conquest of the Aztecs, a conquistador led an expedition to Peru •Heard of the fabulous wealth of the empire and hoped for some of that wealth himself •Atahualpa •Just had taken control when the Spanish arrived •Inca empire was experiencing civil war •Pizarro demanded that Atahualpa accept Christianity and hand over the empire to Spain 1200 - 1800 Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World ► With the Conquest of the South America, Spain gained control of a huge empire. ► To govern his colony, the Spanish king chose officials called viceroys, each of whom ruled part of the empire in the king’s name ► Encomienda or forced labor of Native Americans to mine gold and silver and to farm ► Result – disease and mistreatment led to 90% fatality rate – 50 million to 4 million 1200 - 1800 Father Bartolome de Las Casas •Some Spaniards were appalled at the treatment of Native Americans. •The most vocal – Bartolome de Las Casas – priest who sought to reform and protect those who remained. •Replace Native Americans with African slaves. •Slave labor became a common practice in the Americas New Laws 1542 1200 - 1800 T he Pope’s Line of Demarcation •Pope Alexander VI (Spaniard) divided up the world for Portugal and Spain to colonize by creating a line of demarcation, or an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean from the North Pole to the South Pole. •The Proclamation, known as the Papal Bull of 1493, draws a line 100 leagues west of the Azores Islands. East of the line goes to Portugal. West of the line goes to Spain. Treaty of Tordesillas, •This proclamation upset Portugal. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas extended the line of demarcation farther west and gave Portugal a piece of mainland South America (Brazil). •This solved the problem between Spain and Portugal. • However, France and England will not accept either treaty. 1200 - 1800 1200 - 1800 French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas • • • • As silver and gold from Spain’s and Portugal’s American colonies began to circulate throughout Europe, other European countries paid close attention. France The Dutch And perhaps the most successful, the English 1200 - 1800 French Colonization • French explorers had established several colonies in the area known as New France, or Canada. • Canada lacked gold and silver, but was rich in fish and furs. • French did not send many explorers, but rather small trading groups • Also did not enslave Native American (Noble Savages) • Champlain – Quebec • La Salle – entire Mississippi River to Gulf to Mexico – named Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV 1200 - 1800 Dutch Exploration • • • Dutch, like the French, were mostly just interested in trade. Only large Dutch colony was New Netherland, located in the Hudson River valley –New Amsterdam Later taken over by the English and remained New York 1200 - 1800 English Colonization • • • • • • • • • No significant colonies were established during the 1500’s. There was relatively poor farmland. They did not have enough money to set up the colonies. They did not find gold during their early explorations. By the 1600’s, the conditions in England, under Queen Elizabeth, changed. Elizabethan Sea Dogs were tremendous sea captains who controlled the foreign seas. They defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588 England, as a result, started to build the British Royal Navy. Relationship with Natives-Devil Theory - 1200 - 1800 The Founding of Virginia • Jamestown-1607 • In 1607, three ships entered the Chesapeake Bay and sailed up a river flowing into the bay. They named the river the James and their new settlement Jamestown in honor of King James. 1200 - 1800 Captain John Smith • He got the people through the first hard winter. • He was a soldier and an explorer who arrived in 1608. • He ended communal living and forced the settlers to work for their food and managed to start trading with the Indians. T he Virginia Colony •Although the Virginia colonists did not find any gold or silver, they did discover another way to make money. They started to grow tobacco. •John Rolfe learned how to grow a mild tobacco, and the first crop was sold in England in 1614. •John Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powatan. The Failure of Jamestown • The settlement was doomed to fail from the beginning. 1. no families 2. gentlemen 3. adventurers were only concerned with making money, not settling 4. no fresh water or food 5. surrounded by hostile Indians 6. practice communal living (not everyone works) 1200 - 1800 The French and Indian War in North America George Washington • The English ran into conflict with French settlers in the Americas. • 1754 - 1763 –Seven Years War – English colonists began settling the French Ohio River Valley and war broke out. • English versus the French and Indians • In the end, the French lost possessions in Canada and the Ohio River Valley. • The English gained control over North America; however the English king, in order to pay for the war, heavily taxed the citizens, which led to the American Revolution 1200 - 1800 European Empires in the Americas 1200 - 1800 3. New Patterns of Trade • The creation of colonies in the Americas, and elsewhere led to the exchange of a new type of goods, the establishment of new patterns of trade, and new economic systems. 1200 - 1800 New Colonial Rivals •Portugal, Spain, France, England and the Netherlands all competed for lands in the Americas and to expand their colonial empires. 1200 - 1800 The “Columbian Exchange • • • • Columbian exchange – contact between the two groups that led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, diseases Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere, plants and animals had developed in many different ways The Effects Exchange of food and animals had a dramatic impact on later societies 1200 - 1800 T he “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough 1200 - 1800 The Introduction to New Diseases • European diseases spread to the Americas – small pox, measles, influenza, and malaria • Mexico – decreased by 30% in the first ten years of contact with Europeans • Inca empire decreased from about 13 million to 2 million people from 1492 to 1600 • North America – 2 million to 500,000 from 1492 to 1600 Mercantilism 1200 - 1800 • The founding of the colonies in the Americas and the introduction of new goods to Europe led to significant changes in the European economy • Mercantilism - An economic system was based a nation’s strength on its wealth • Gold and silver • Leads to intense competition between nations for wealth during the 1500’s and 1600’s. 1200 - 1800 Balance of Trade • A difference in value between how much a nation imports versus how much a nation exports • Two ways of getting money • Extract gold and silver from mines at home or in the colonies or sell more goods that it bought from foreign countries • Tariffs – tax on imported items to encourage buying similar goods produced within the nation 1200 - 1800 Colonies • The building of colonies were essential to the mercantilist system • Colonies only existed to benefit the mother country – provide the mother with natural resources and in turn colonies would buy finished goods 1200 - 1800 The Rise of Capitalism • New economic system emerged known as capitalism – economic activity is carried on by private individuals in order to seek a profit • As many colonists started making great profits through trading they sought other methods to expand their fortunes • Joint stock companies – investors bought shares of stock in the company • If the company received profits, so did the investors or the shareholders 1200 - 1800 4. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade •Between 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves in the Americas 1200 - 1800 Origins of the Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans slaves. Sugar cane & sugar plantations in the Americas were in need of labor First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. 1200 - 1800 T he Middle Passage •Triangular trade – first leg consisted of carrying European goods to Africa to be exchanged for slaves •Second leg, or Middle Passage, brought African to the Americas to be sold as slaves •The Third leg carried American products such as sugar, tobacco, and rice to Europe 1200 - 1800 “Coffin” Position Below Deck •A terrifying ordeal – Captive Africans were chained together and forced into dark, cramped quarters below the ship’s decks. •In many cases, the Africans were packed into such a small place that they could neither sit nor stand 1200 - 1800 A frican Captives T hrown Overboard •The Journey usually lasted three to six weeks •Between 10 and 20 percent of all captives Africans did not survive the voyage •As a result, Africans were thrown overboard •Sharks followed the slave ships 1200 - 1800 Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill •Slave traders carried captive Africans to many parts of the Americas •Spanish traders brought many to Caribbean sugar plantations •Portuguese traders brought millions to Brazil •The English took most of their captives to the West Indies, but also many to the Americas •By 1600s, England dominated the slave trade 1200 - 1800 Slavery in the Colonies • Laws in the Americas considered Africans to be property • Slaves had no rights and no freedoms, and slaveholders controlled most of the conditions under which they lived • Slaves had to meet their own basic needs in the short hours at the end of the workday • Their schedules revolved around the slaveholders 1200 - 1800 Effects of the Slave Trade • The Atlantic Slave Trade continued for 400 years and devastated societies in West Africa • Estimated – 15 to 20 million Africans were shipped to the Americas against their will • African Diaspora – led to the diffusion of African culture –including music, art, religion, and food