Download Different Methods of Reproduction

Plants and Their Adaptations
Different Methods of
Reproduction
Nonvascular Plants
• Mosses and liverworts live in damp places so that they can
soak in water from cell to cell without xylem and phloem
tubes
• Nonvascular plants are smaller than vascular because of this
• Nonvascular plants do NOT have roots, stems and leaves, but
have parts that look similar
• Nonvascular plants do NOT have flowers with seed so they
must reproduce with spores
• Spore = a single reproductive cell that grows into a new plant
• Mosses produce male and female cells on separate plants.
These cells unite and produce a spore stalk that grows from
the female plant. The spore stalk releases spores. (Page A80)
Simple Vascular Plants
• Ferns and horsetails are simple vascular plants.
• Millions of years ago, ferns covered much of the earth
but today they are mostly found in the tropics
• There are fewer horsetail plants that are small. Years
ago, people used dried horsetail plants to scrub pots and
pans
• Simple vascular plants produce spores similar to
nonvascular plants.
• The difference is that in simple vascular plants, the
united cell is called a zygote and it divides and grows into
a separate spore-like producing plant. (Page A81)
Cone-Bearing Vascular Plants
• Spore-producing plants make many spores, while seed-producing plants make fewer seeds
• Seeds have a better chance of growing than spores because the seeds contain food supplies
• Most vascular plants produce seeds
▫
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Seeds with no protection
Seeds with fruit as protection
• Gymnosperms = unprotected seeds that mainly come from cone-bearing plants (pine trees)
• Male and female cones are on the same tree. Male cones have pollen
• Pollen = structures that contain the male reproductive cells
• Female cones can be ¾ inch to 2 ft. in size. They are covered with plates called scales.
• Male and female cones reproductive cells unite and form a zygote that divides and grows into
seeds.
• Dry weather causes the scales to open and the seeds to be released.
Flowering Vascular Plants
• Angiosperms = flowering plants
• Almost all our food comes from angiosperms
• Angiosperms are pollinated by the wind like gymnosperms but also
by insects and small animals
• Colors, shapes, and smell of the flowers causes insects and animals
to be attracted to them and allow them to carry the pollen from one
flower to another
• Angiosperm seeds are protected by the fruit of the plant…apples,
oranges, peanuts, tomatoes, etc.
• Seed protection happens in many ways
▫ Inside keeps the birds from eating it
▫ Protects the seeds in cold weather
▫ Rotting fruit provides extra food for a new plant
Comparing Life Cycles
• Animal and plants both have life cycles and stages
they go through during their lifetime (page A84)
• Some animals look like their parents
• Some animals don’t look like their parents
• Flowering plants are very different from their parent
plants (page A84)
▫ Embryo starts inside the seed
▫ Seed sprouts and the embryo grows into a seedling
▫ As the seedling grows, it looks more and more like the
plant it came from