Download File

SS5H1
Causes, Major Events,
and Consequences
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Standards
SS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of
the Civil War.
a. Identify Uncle Tom’s Cabin and John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, and
explain how each of these events was related to the Civil War.
b. Discuss how the issues of states’ rights and slavery increased tensions between
between the North and South.
c. Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta
Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House.
d. Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson
Jefferson Davis, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.
e. Describe the effects of war on the North and South.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Large differences divided the northern and
southern states long before the Civil War started
in 1861.
• The two important issues that increased tensions
were slavery and states’ rights.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Many people in the South believed that states could
choose which federal laws to obey.
• They believed that if a state didn’t like a law passed
by the federal government, then they didn’t have to
follow it.
•
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Many also believed that any state could withdraw, or
secede, from the Union if it chose to.
• Most northerners believed that the states had to obey
all the laws passed by the national government.
•
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
They also thought that no state could break its ties
with the United States.
•
Slavery had existed in America since colonial times.
•
It was an important part of the South’s economy
because slaveholders did not have to pay wages to
workers.
• Southerners felt that it would be impossible to grow
large cotton crops and sell them at a profit without
using slaves.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Four Generations of a Slave
Family (Photographed during
the Civil war) – Beaufort, South
Carolina 1862
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Slave Trader’s Business in Atlanta, 1860s
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Many northerners felt it was wrong for one person to
own another.
• They were abolitionists because they wanted to put
an end to, or abolish, slavery.
•
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Southerners disagreed, saying that the abolition of
slavery would destroy the South’s economy.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin is a novel written by abolitionist Harriet
Beecher Stowe in 1852.
• The book is about a cruel slave owner’s shocking treatment of
slaves.
• It showed the evils of slavery and turned many people against
it.
• President Lincoln called the author “the little lady who made
this big war.”
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
by Harriet Beecher Stowe
1852
“Helped lay the
groundwork for the Civil
War.”
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a group of rebels
to a gun facility in Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia to
protest slavery.
• The group attempted to help slaves by giving them guns
to rebel against their masters, but they were soon
surrounded by local troops.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Two of his sons were killed, but John Brown refused to
surrender and was eventually captured.
• He was put on trial, found guilty of treason, and was
hanged for his involvement in the raid at Harper’s
Ferry.
• This event proved that people were willing to use
violence to end slavery.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
•
Abraham Lincoln was elected 16th president of the
United States in 1860.
•
Many Southerners believed that he would try to put an
end to slavery, so some of the southern states seceded
from the Union after his election.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Status of the States, 1861
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
which declared that all slaves in areas still fighting
against the North were free.
• On April 14, 1965, just a few days after the South
surrendered, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes
Booth.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Many fugitive slaves fled
to the Union Army. They
were officially freed with
the Emancipation
Proclamation in 1863.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
•
The Confederate States of America consisted of South
Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Florida,
Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
•
When the confederate states seceded from the Union,
they elected Jefferson Davis as their president.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Prior to becoming president of the Confederate States, Davis
was a plantation owner in Mississippi.
•
During the war, he clashed with many Southern leaders and
was blamed by many for the South’s loss.
•
After the war, Davis was supposed to be tried for treason.
• The trial never took place, and he was freed after 2 years.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Jefferson Davis’
Inauguration as
President of the
Confederate States of
America –
Montgomery,
Alabama 1861
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
•
Robert E. Lee was one of the greatest military leaders
of the Civil War.
• He was a graduate of the US Military Academy at
West Point and fought in the US Army during the
Mexican War.
• Lee was from Virginia.
•
He was originally offered the command of the Union
Army.
• Because Virginia seceded, he felt it was his duty to
defend his home state.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Lee left the US Army to lead the Army of Northern
Virginia for the Confederacy.
• Lee did not support slavery, but wanted to stay loyal
to his home state of Virginia.
•
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
After the war, Lee became president of Virginia’s
Washington College, which was later renamed
Washington and Lee University.
•
Ulysses S. Grant was also one of the greatest military
leaders of the Civil War.
• He was a graduate of the US Military Academy at
West Point and fought in the US Army during the
Mexican War.
•
Grant left the army after that war to become a
businessman.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Grant rejoined the army in 1861 and eventually became
the North’s leading general.
• He was a master of military strategy.
• Grant’s troops defeated Lee’s army in 1865, ending the
Civil War.
• Ulysses S. Grant was elected president of the United
States in 1868 and served two terms.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
•
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a skilled Confederate
general from Virginia.
•
He earned the nickname “Stonewall” during the first
battle of Bull Run.
• General Bernard Bee saw him bravely facing the
enemy and said, “There stands Jackson like a stone
wall.”
•
He became a hero after his victories in the Shenandoah
Valley.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In 1863, Jackson was mortally wounded by his own
troops.
• He had his left arm amputated, but died of
pneumonia eight days later.
•
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
Before his death, Robert E. Lee said, “He has lost his
left arm, but I have lost my right arm.”
• The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate
forces fired on Fort Sumter.
• Fort Sumter was a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston,
South Carolina.
• The Union forces inside Fort Sumter were already low on
ammunition and food, so they surrendered the next day.
• Nobody was killed during the actual battle; however, one
person was killed in a 50-gun salute to the flag.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• The Battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on July 1-3,
1863, was the turning point of the war.
• Confederate forces under Lee were trying to invade the
North, but they were stopped.
• This Union victory left the South with no chance of
winning the war.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• Afterwards, President Lincoln made a speech at a
ceremony dedicating the site as a cemetery.
• The Gettysburg Address lasted only three minutes, but it
is regarded as one of the most inspiring speeches in
American history.
• In the speech, Lincoln said that the Civil War was to
preserve a government “of the people, by the people,
and for the people”.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman moved his
Union Army south from Tennessee to Atlanta.
• They fought Confederate soldiers along the way, leaving
a path of destruction and chaos.
• On September 2, 1864, Sherman’s troops captured
Atlanta and set the city on fire.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In November 1864, Sherman began his march through
Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah.
• His troops destroyed many towns and plantations along
the way.
• Sherman’s “March to the Sea” cut Confederate supply
lines and crushed the spirit of the Confederate army.
• They captured Savannah on December 21, 1864, and
Sherman gave the city of Savannah to Abraham
Lincoln as a Christmas gift.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• In early April, Union troops finally took Richmond, Virginia, the
capital of the Confederacy.
• On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant at
Wilmer McLean’s house in the town of Appomattox Court
House, Virginia.
• The Civil War was finally over.
• Instead of celebrating, soldiers on both sides went home
quietly.
• Just a few days later, on April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• The Civil War had major effects on the United States.
• These effects were mostly positive in the northern and western parts of
the country.
• In the South, they were disastrous.
• The war had been fought mostly on Southern soil.
• Many homes, cities, railroads, farms, etc., had been destroyed and had
to be rebuilt after the war.
• But the southern states had little money to do so.
• They were financially bankrupt and could not pay their war debts.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles
• While much of the South had been devastated by the
war, the Northern economy prospered.
• New factories had been built in many cities and more
railroads had been laid.
• Northerners had made millions of dollars producing
guns, ammunition, clothing, and other war materials.
• Northern cities continued to grow.
© 2014 Brain Wrinkles