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Transcript
Miss Russell 1 How will I know if I am learning? By the end of the lesson… E Will be able to define the terms Natural & Sexual Selection. C Will be able to explain the terms in connection with relationships. A Will be able to apply these terms to explain human mating strategies. Rank these women in order of Attractiveness Rank these women in order of attractiveness. Attractiveness What are considered to be attractive and unattractive traits in women? Rank these men in order of Attractiveness Rank these men in order of attractiveness. Attractiveness What are considered to be attractive and unattractive traits in men? 5:00 Recall 3 people either you find attractive at the moment, or have in the past, and list down all the things that attracted you to those people... Now on the Post-It notes I have given you, write down 1 physical characteristic you find attractive. You should have a total of 5 characteristics, one on each Post-It. When you have written them down (big & clear) I want you to come and put them up on the board. When you go up, if someone else has the same characteristic, then place yours in the same place, like the ones below. Eyes Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Strong arms & legs Nice Hair Define Key Terms, Beautiful eyes Good teeth Explain terms, Broad Chest (quite hairy) Apply to mating strategies It would be nice to think that the formation of a relationship relied on more than just physical attractiveness. However, the importance of beauty should not be underestimated. Walster (1966) arranged for a huge blind date event where students were paired up with a stranger. Midway through the date, they were separated and asked what they thought of their date. Attractiveness was the only significant predictor of how highly someone was rated. Each living thing (organism) has a set of characteristics encoded by its genes The organism inherits its genes from its parent(s) Variations between organisms are caused by variations in the genotype Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Organism Environment Organism has particular characteristics determined by its genes Define Key Terms, Environment contains a range of opportunities and threats (e.g. food sources, predators) Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Characteristics evolve because they have been passed from one generation to the next via the genes This requires the organism: To live to reproductive age To mate successfully To ensure the offspring’s survival Survival of the fittest ! Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Socio-biology therefore is a field of psychology which aims to explain social behaviour in evolutionary terms A behaviour is said to be adaptive if it leads to increased survival and reproduction of an organism. This means that the gene which causes this behaviour will be passed on to the next generation. It is argued that most behaviour is adaptive, otherwise the organism would not have lived long enough to pass the genes on. Sociobiological (evolutionary) explanations of attractiveness therefore see attraction as an adaptive behaviour which leads to increased reproduction and survival. Men and women should seek out partners who are likely to produce healthy children. 2:00 What’s the difference between Natural & Sexual Selection? Extension: How might these terms explain relationships? (SC:E) Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies What What do these pictures have in common? In many species, males have characteristics (e.g. brighter colouration, exaggerated tails) that serve to attract females Suggests that males are competing for the attention of females Suggests that, in many species, females do the choosing Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Natural selection Ability to survive in a particular environment (fitness) Sexual selection = survival of the sexiest! Ability to attract/find a mate and reproduce successfully These are separate processes – the characteristics that facilitate reproduction do not necessarily increase survival chances Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies 18 Topic 04 - Sexual Selection: Lesson SS = the processes through which men & women attempt to maximise their chances of reproductive success Even though they don’t necessarily aid our survival reproduction is more important than survival In doing this, we consider what we need from the opposite sex to do this and therefore also what we want from the opposite sex… TWO key processes are involved; INTRASEXUAL selection = mate competition INTERSEXUAL selection = mate choice Define Dimorphism, Apply to examples Create perfect mate o Usually males compete with each other for ‘access’ to members of the opposite sex – victors mate and pass on their genes – winning traits are passed on to the next generation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_H3n2iT3 co Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies The preferences of one sex (usually females) for members of the opposite sex who possess certain qualities. Humans are ‘pre-programmed’ to attend to displays of these important indicators and mate with the individuals who possess them. E.g. if females prefer tall males – over time, the number of tall males would increase! Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies What characteristics would indicate good resources? Economic & financial security, good job, well educated, interpersonal skills, status, etc. What characteristics Good health, so skin, hair, weight, would indicate good facial symmetry, BUT also traits that are disadvantaged (think about genes? the peacock’s tail) What characteristics Good skills, so caring, affectionate, would indicate good strong, protective, ability to parents? provide, nurture, etc Define Dimorphism, Apply to examples Create perfect mate arranged a blind date event where students were paired up with a stranger. Midway through the date, they were separated and asked what they thought of their date. Attractiveness was the only significant predictor of how highly someone was rated. There is a lot of agreement between people about whether someone is physically attractive. Physical attractiveness is often the first thing we observe about a stranger. (Walster) However, there are differences in what is perceived to be attractive in men and women. Cunningham (1986) showed participants pictures of men and women, and asked them to rate the physical attractiveness of them. Cunningham (1986) found that certain features acquired high attractiveness ratings among the ppts, including neonate features such as higher and wider eyes greater distance between eyes a smaller chin and a smaller nose size. Highly attractive mature features were prominent cheek bones and a narrower face. high eyebrows large smiles and dilated pupils –these are expressive features, also linked to attractiveness “ baby face you’ve got the cutest little baby face ” Singh(1993) Men like women with waist to hip ratio of 0.7. Slimmest part of your waist Widest part of your hips Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies 2:00 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlJw2_NnVLo&f eature=channel Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6_Ea5G8_KI Peter Lovatt go to 14.58 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kCZZp3u_xE Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Are there cultural difference? If sexual selection is important in effecting human reproductive behaviour, we should expect that the same physical characteristics are attractive to all people as they signal fertility. So we would expect sex differences in reproductive behaviour to be reasonably consistent across different cultures. Evidence for this comes from Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Sex differences in human mate preferences’ ‘ Describe evidence, Evaluate using A02 Evaluate using good IDA THIS IS BUSS… How can I find out about male and female mate preferences …HE’S I know, I’ll do a questionnaire INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT WHAT MEN AND WOMEN GO FOR IN A MATE Fill in your age, gender and marital status 17, Female, single 25, Male, single 32, Female, Married 41, Male, single How important 18 characteristics were to them, including… At what age they wanted to marry How big they like the age gap to be between themselves and their partner Good job Good looks Chastity Ambition Which How many children they want characteristics were most desirable including… Describe evidence, Good earning capacity Physical attractiveness Evaluate using A02 Evaluate using good IDA Let’s go and see if we get different results in other cultures Let’s go to Europe, America, Africa, Iran, New Zealand, and many more… Pack your bags and hold tight… MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEOPLE WERE USED… …AND THEY WERE GAINED USING DIFFERENT SAMPLING TECHNIQUES Describe evidence, Evaluate using A02 Evaluate using good IDA In all 37 samples men rated good looks in their mate more than women In all 37 samples males and females preferred the male to be older In 36/37 samples women rated good financial prospects higher than men did Good financial prospects was rated low in the Netherlands and Great Britain This was high in Indonesia and Nigeria There were some differences between cultures In 34 samples we rated ambition as more important than men did Good looks were particularly important for men in Bulgaria and Nigeria In Scandinavian countries chastity was seen as irrelevant But China, India and Indonesia see this as important Additional Study on differences in inter-sexual selection – Buss and Schmitt (1993) PPts were asked how many sexual partners would you like to have in the next 2 years? Men = 8 Females = 1 PPts were then asked how many sexual partners would you like to have in a life time? Men = 18 Females = 4-5 Have can you use this evidence? Using the textbook to help you: 1) Summarise Short Term Mating preferences in Men & Women. 2) Summarise Long Term Mating preferences in Men & Women. Be prepared to feedback to the class! Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies 5:00 1) Heading: Today’s Date, Unit & Topic 2) Write a summary of your learning today in less than 100 words. What have you learned ? 3) Considering what you have written in stage 2, which of the success criteria have you met? Write down them down along with the grade! Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies Define Key Terms, Explain terms, Apply to mating strategies