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Miss Russell
1
How will I know if I am learning?
By the end of the lesson…
E
Will be able to define the terms Natural &
Sexual Selection.
C Will be able to explain the terms in connection
with relationships.
A
Will be able to apply these terms to explain
human mating strategies.
Rank these women in order of
Attractiveness
 Rank
these women in order of
attractiveness.
Attractiveness
 What
are considered to be attractive and
unattractive traits in women?
Rank these men in order of
Attractiveness
 Rank
these men in order of attractiveness.
Attractiveness
 What
are considered to be attractive and
unattractive traits in men?
5:00
Recall 3 people either you find attractive at the moment, or
have in the past, and list down all the things that attracted
you to those people...
Now on the Post-It notes I have given you, write down 1
physical characteristic you find attractive. You should have a
total of 5 characteristics, one on each Post-It. When you
have written them down (big & clear) I want you to come
and put them up on the board. When you go up, if someone
else has the same characteristic, then place yours in the
same place, like the ones below.
Eyes
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
Strong
arms &
legs
Nice
Hair
Define Key Terms,
Beautiful
eyes
Good
teeth
Explain terms,
Broad
Chest
(quite
hairy)
Apply to mating strategies
It would be nice to think that the formation of a
relationship relied on more than just physical
attractiveness. However, the importance of beauty
should not be underestimated.



Walster (1966) arranged for a huge blind date
event where students were paired up with a
stranger.
Midway through the date, they were separated and
asked what they thought of their date.
Attractiveness was the only significant predictor of
how highly someone was rated.
 Each
living thing (organism) has a set of
characteristics encoded by its genes
 The organism inherits its genes from its
parent(s)
 Variations between organisms are caused
by variations in the genotype
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
Organism
Environment
Organism has particular
characteristics
determined by its genes
Define Key Terms,
Environment contains a
range of opportunities
and threats (e.g. food
sources, predators)
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
 Characteristics
evolve because they have
been passed from one generation to the
next via the genes
 This requires the organism:
 To live to reproductive age
 To mate successfully
 To ensure the offspring’s survival
Survival of the fittest !
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies






Socio-biology therefore is a field of psychology which aims to
explain social behaviour in evolutionary terms
A behaviour is said to be adaptive if it leads to increased survival
and reproduction of an organism.
This means that the gene which causes this behaviour will be passed
on to the next generation.
It is argued that most behaviour is adaptive, otherwise the organism
would not have lived long enough to pass the genes on.
Sociobiological (evolutionary) explanations of attractiveness
therefore see attraction as an adaptive behaviour which leads to
increased reproduction and survival.
Men and women should seek out partners who are likely to produce
healthy children.
2:00
What’s the
difference
between Natural
& Sexual
Selection?
Extension: How might these terms explain relationships? (SC:E)
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
What What do these pictures have in common?
 In
many species, males have characteristics
(e.g. brighter colouration, exaggerated
tails) that serve to attract females
 Suggests that males are competing for the
attention of females
 Suggests that, in many species, females do
the choosing
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
 Natural
selection
 Ability
to survive in a particular environment
(fitness)
 Sexual
selection = survival of the sexiest!
 Ability
to attract/find a mate and reproduce
successfully
 These
are separate processes – the
characteristics that facilitate
reproduction do not necessarily increase
survival chances
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
18
Topic 04 - Sexual Selection: Lesson
SS = the processes through which men
& women attempt to maximise their
chances of reproductive success
Even though
they don’t
necessarily aid
our survival
reproduction is
more important
than survival
In doing this, we consider what we
need from the opposite sex to do
this and therefore also what we
want from the opposite sex…
TWO key processes
are involved;
INTRASEXUAL selection = mate competition
INTERSEXUAL selection = mate choice
Define Dimorphism,
Apply to examples
Create perfect mate
o
Usually males compete with each other for ‘access’
to members of the opposite sex – victors mate and
pass on their genes – winning traits are passed on to
the next generation.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_H3n2iT3
co
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
 The
preferences of one sex (usually females) for
members of the opposite sex who possess certain
qualities. Humans are ‘pre-programmed’ to attend
to displays of these important indicators and mate
with the individuals who possess them. E.g. if
females prefer tall males – over time, the number of
tall males would increase!
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
What characteristics
would indicate good
resources?
Economic & financial security,
good job, well educated,
interpersonal skills, status, etc.
What characteristics Good health, so skin, hair, weight,
would indicate good facial symmetry, BUT also traits that
are disadvantaged (think about
genes?
the peacock’s tail)
What characteristics Good skills, so caring, affectionate,
would indicate good strong, protective, ability to
parents?
provide, nurture, etc
Define Dimorphism,
Apply to examples
Create perfect mate



arranged a blind date event where students were
paired up with a stranger.
Midway through the date, they were separated and
asked what they thought of their date.
Attractiveness was the only significant predictor of
how highly someone was rated.



There is a lot of agreement between people about
whether someone is physically attractive. Physical
attractiveness is often the first thing we observe
about a stranger. (Walster)
However, there are differences in what is perceived
to be attractive in men and women.
Cunningham (1986) showed participants pictures
of men and women, and asked them to rate the
physical attractiveness of them.







Cunningham (1986) found that certain features acquired high
attractiveness ratings among the ppts, including neonate
features such as
higher and wider eyes
greater distance between eyes
a smaller chin and a smaller nose size.
Highly attractive mature features were prominent cheek
bones and a narrower face.
high eyebrows
large smiles and dilated pupils –these are expressive features,
also linked to attractiveness
“ baby face you’ve got the cutest little
baby face ”
Singh(1993)

Men like women with waist to hip ratio of 0.7.
Slimmest part of your waist
Widest part of your hips
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
2:00
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlJw2_NnVLo&f
eature=channel
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6_Ea5G8_KI
 Peter
Lovatt go to 14.58
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-kCZZp3u_xE
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
Are there cultural difference?
 If
sexual selection is important in effecting human
reproductive behaviour, we should expect that the
same physical characteristics are attractive to all
people as they signal fertility.
 So
we would expect sex differences in reproductive
behaviour to be reasonably consistent across
different cultures.
 Evidence for this comes from
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
Sex differences in
human mate
preferences’
‘
Describe evidence,
Evaluate using A02
Evaluate using good IDA
THIS IS BUSS…
How can I find
out about male
and female
mate
preferences
…HE’S
I know, I’ll do a
questionnaire
INTERESTED IN FINDING OUT WHAT MEN
AND WOMEN GO FOR IN A MATE
Fill in your
age, gender
and marital
status
17,
Female,
single
25, Male,
single
32,
Female,
Married
41, Male,
single
 How
important 18
characteristics were to
them, including…
 At
what age they
wanted to marry

 How
big they like the
age gap to be
between themselves
and their partner



Good job
Good looks
Chastity
Ambition
 Which
 How
many children
they want
characteristics
were most desirable
including…


Describe evidence,
Good earning capacity
Physical attractiveness
Evaluate using A02
Evaluate using good IDA
Let’s go and see if
we get different
results in other
cultures
Let’s go to
Europe, America,
Africa, Iran, New
Zealand, and
many more…
Pack your
bags and
hold tight…
MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEOPLE WERE USED…
…AND THEY WERE GAINED USING DIFFERENT SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Describe evidence,
Evaluate using A02
Evaluate using good IDA
In all 37 samples
men rated good
looks in their mate
more than women
In all 37
samples males
and females
preferred the
male to be
older
In 36/37 samples
women rated
good financial
prospects higher
than men did
Good financial
prospects was
rated low in the
Netherlands and
Great Britain
This was high in
Indonesia and
Nigeria
There were some
differences between
cultures
In 34 samples we
rated ambition as
more important
than men did
Good looks
were
particularly
important for
men in Bulgaria
and Nigeria
In Scandinavian
countries chastity
was seen as
irrelevant
But China, India
and Indonesia
see this as
important
Additional Study on differences in inter-sexual
selection – Buss and Schmitt (1993)
PPts were asked how many sexual partners would
you like to have in the next 2 years?
Men = 8 Females = 1
PPts were then asked how many sexual partners
would you like to have in a life time?
Men = 18 Females = 4-5
Have can you use this evidence?
Using the textbook to help you:
1) Summarise Short Term Mating preferences in Men
& Women.
2)
Summarise Long Term Mating preferences in Men
& Women.
Be prepared to feedback to the class!
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
5:00
1) Heading: Today’s Date, Unit & Topic
2) Write a summary of your learning
today in less than 100 words. What have
you learned ?
3) Considering what you have written in
stage 2, which of the success criteria
have you met? Write down them down
along with the grade!
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies
Define Key Terms,
Explain terms,
Apply to mating strategies