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Engineering Science
Applied Electronics
Component Electronics
Simple Circuits
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
VARIABLE RESISTOR
SLIDE SWITCH
WIRE LINK
1
5
10
15
20
25
A
B
C
D
E
555
TRANSISTOR
1
ELECTROLYTIC
CAPACITOR
5
10
15
20
25
F
G
H
I
J
LDR
RESISTOR
Webster’s High School
Component Electronic Systems
Electricity
Introduction
Electricity is one of the most important forms of energy available to man. It affects
everyone’s lives in many ways. If you take time to think about your everyday life you
will realise that our lives are full of devices that depend upon electricity. These
devices depend on the electrical circuits inside them to work. The circuits often
change the electrical energy into other forms of energy such as heat, light and sound.
In this area of study you will learn how these circuits work and about the different
components within them.
Electric circuits
An electric circuit is a closed loop or network made up of electrical components such
as batteries, bulbs, switches and wires.
Switch
Battery
Lamp
How to Draw Electrical Circuit
Electric current
Electric current is the name given to the flow of negatively charged particles called
electrons.
e
le
c
tr
o
n
s
Current is measured in amperes, usually referred to as ‘amps’ (A). Current is the rate
of flow of electrical charges (called electrons) through a circuit.
Electric Current flow
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+
V
_
Current
Flow
R
Voltage
In most circuits a battery or voltage supply is used to drive the electrons through the
components. Voltage is measured in volts (V).
Resistance
All materials conduct electricity. The materials that conduct electricity well are called
conductors and those that are poor conductors are called insulators. Metals are good
conductors while rubber and glass are good insulators.
A good conductor offers very little resistance to the flow of electrical current. In other
words, it lets currents flow with very little voltage being applied. Resistance is
therefore a measure of how much voltage is required to let a current flow. Resistance
is measured in ohms ().
Electron flow  conventional current
Scientists in the early nineteenth century decided the direction of conventional current
flow. It seemed to them that current flowed from the positive side of power supplies
to the negative side. It was not until the twentieth century that electrons were
discovered and the true direction of current flow was proved.
As stated earlier, electric current is the flow of electrons but often it is more useful to
consider electric current to flow in the opposite direction. This is called conventional
current.
So although it is technically wrong, for convenience ‘conventional current’ will be
used in the circuits and calculations throughout this work.
+
V
_
Conventional
Current
R
Conventional current flows from positive to negative.
One of the main reasons for maintaining this convention is that symbols and other
data based on conventional current have become standard.
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Batteries and voltage supplies
Batteries and voltage supplies are the source of power behind all electrical circuits.
Without a power source, electrical circuits will not work. In your work (as in most
electronic circuits) all power sources will be low-voltage  this normally means
everyday batteries or a low-voltage power supply.
The low-voltage supplies and batteries will normally supply between three and 12
volts. Electronic components normally work on much lower voltages and so the
circuits must be designed carefully.
The symbols for batteries and voltage supplies are as follows.
Single battery or cell
Multiple batteries or cells
Voltage supply
6 volts
Note the positive and negative side of the battery:
-v
e
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+v
e
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Direct current (d.c.)
The voltage supplied by batteries or low-voltage supplies is direct current (d.c.). This
is the normal type of supply to low-voltage circuits. Alternating current (a.c.) supplies
are high-voltage  usually 230 volts. This is the normal supply in homes and schools.
Many portable electric power tools work from 110 volts for safety.
Resistors
Resistors are basic components in electrical and electronic circuits. They limit the
amount of current flowing in circuits or parts of circuits. Resistors are roughly
cylindrical and have coloured stripes. They also have connection wires sticking out of
each end.
The stripes indicate the value of the resistors. The colours represent numerical values
according to a special code.
Electrical components
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Resistor colour code
Resistors are marked with what is known as a resistor colour code. Each band that
surrounds the body of the resistor helps identify the value (in ohms) and the tolerance
(in per cent). In most resistors only four colour bands are used.
The colour code chart for resistors is shown below. The colours are used to represent
different numbers, and in this way we are able to tell the value for each digit.
First and
second
colour band
Digit
Black
0
x1
Brown
1
x 10
Red
2
x 100
Orange
3
x 1000 or 1 K
Yellow
4
x 10 000 or 10 K
Green
5
x 100 000 or 100 K
Blue
6
x 1 000 000 or 1 M
Violet
7
Silver means divide by
100
Grey
8
Gold means divide by 10
9
Tolerances:
 brown  1%
 red  2%
 gold  5%
 silver  10%
 none  20%
White
Multiplier
Standard values
Resistors are supplied in a range of standard values: 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 7.5, 8.2
and 9.1. These standard values can then be multiplied by 10, 100, 1000, and so on.
Typical values of resistors are 220 R, 100 K, 680 R, etc. Some other popular sizes are
also available, such as 270 R and 390 R.
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4-band resistor colour code layout
4 Band Resistor Colour Code Layout
1st band
1st digit
4th band
tolerance
2nd band
2nd digit
3rd band
multiplier
Example
If the colours on the above resistor are:
1st band  red
2nd band  violet
3rd band  brown
4th band  gold
then using the table on the previous page, the value of this resistor is 270  and its
tolerance is 10 per cent. This is worked out as ‘2’ for the red first band, ‘7’ for the
violet second band and ‘times 10’ for the brown third band.
For most purposes you can ignore the tolerance. In the above example the
manufacturers guarantee that the resistor will not vary from the marked resistance by
more than 10 per cent.
Symbol for resistance
Although the symbol for ohms is ‘’ it is often shown as a capital R; that is, 270
ohms can be expressed as either 270  or 270 R.
Resistance
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Using the resistor colour code
Questions 1-4, using the resistor colour code chart, record the colours that correspond
to the resistor values.
Questions 5-8, using the resistor colour code chart, record the resistance values of the
following resistors. Write your answers beside the question.
Exercise 1
1. 100 R  10
2. 3 K9  5
3. 100 K  10
4. 2M2  5
5. blue – violet – brown – silver
6. orange – white – brown – gold
7. brown – black – red – gold
8. brown – black – green – brown
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Exercises
1. Using the colour-code chart, determine the colours of the first three bands of the
following resistors.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Value
270 R
1 K5
33 K
1 M2
330 R
150 R
82 K
560 R
6 K8
750 R
390 R
2 M1
82 R
4700 R
9 K1
Colour
2. Using the colour-coding code, calculate the values of the following resistors.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Value
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First three colour bands
red
red
red
yellow
violet
black
grey
red
red
yellow
violet
orange
red
red
orange
orange
orange
orange
green
blue
brown
red
violet
black
grey
red
brown
brown
green
green
brown
grey
yellow
brown
black
yellow
green
blue
orange
brown
grey
black
brown
grey
green
blue
grey
orange
orange
orange
yellow
red
red
brown
grey
red
black
violet
brown
orange
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Component Electronic Systems
Diodes
Diodes are devices that allow current to flow in one direction only.
Current can pass this way only
Anode
Cathode
Symbol for Diode
Current will flow through the diode only when the anode (positive side) is connected
to the positive side of the circuit and the cathode (negative side) is connected to the
negative side of the circuit.
Light-emitting diodes
A light-emitting diode is a special diode that gives out light when current is flowing
though it. LEDs are used as indicators to tell when a circuit (or part or a circuit) is
working. You can tell the cathode of an LED as it is the short leg and there is a ‘flat’
on the plastic casing.
-ve
As with the normal diode, the current can only pass one way.
Resistors Diodes
Additional reading Diodes
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Switches
Switches are useful input devices (or transducers) that have metal contacts inside
them to allow current to pass when then they are touching. There are several ways in
which the contacts in mechanical switches can be operated. The main types are 
push-button, toggle, key, slide, magnetic (reed) and tilt. These switches are ‘digital’
input devices as they can only be on or off.
Toggle
Slide
Key
Tilt
Rocker
Reed
The switches shown above are all single pole with single or double throws. These are
known as SPST and SPDT switches. The symbols are shown below.
Single-pole single-throw switch (SPST)
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Single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT)
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Microswitches
Microswitches are small switches that are useful for detecting motion. They are
especially good as sensors and limit switches. Typical systems that use microswitches
are traffic barriers and lift systems.
The microswitch above has a roller fixed to a lever that detects movement and throws
the switch. It has three terminals: common, normally open (NO) and normally closed
(NC).
The microswitch below is commonly used in schools.
3 -- NO
1 -- C
2 -- NC
Like most microswitches, this one can be wired in three ways.



C and NO: this is a normal on/off switch.
C and NC: this allows current to flow when the switch is not operated.
C, NC and NO: when wired like this it acts as a changeover switch.
These microswitches are single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches.
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Simple Circuits
Electrical Circuits
Series circuits
The diagram below shows a typical use for an LED circuit, where the LED indicates
that the car radio/cassette is on. The diagram also shows a simplified series circuit
layout for the LED indicator. The resistor is necessary to protect the LED from
drawing too much current and ‘blowing’.
The diagram below shows the above circuit using the component’s symbols. This is
called the circuit diagram.
Switch
I
6V
LED
The components in this circuit are connected in series. This means that they are
connected up in a line, one after the other (or end to end).
Series circuits are the simplest to deal with as the same current flows through all of
the components. The voltage, however, is divided up between the components – more
of this later.
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Series circuits and Kirchoff’s second law
When components are connected end to end (in series) to form a closed loop, the
same current flows through all components while the voltage is divided up amongst
them.
In other words, the sum of voltages dropped across each component (V1, V2 ) is
equal to the total voltage supply in the circuit. This is known as Kirchoff’s second
law:
VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + …
In the example below each bulb is rated at 6 volts and the supply voltage is 18 volts.
This shows Kirchoff’s second law in practice.
Prototype circuit boards
6V
6V
6V
18 V
Prototype circuit boards (often called breadboards) are used to build and test circuits.
They have the advantage that they are non-permanent: that is, the components can be
moved and used again. This makes it easy to make alterations or corrections to
circuits. Once a circuit has been proved on a prototype circuit board it is usually built
by a more permanent method on stripboard or printed circuit board (PCB).
METALLIC STRIP
CONNECTOR
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The board above shows four mains sections of connection holes. The two centre areas,
separated by a gutter, are where most of the components are placed. The two outer
rows are used for the power connections.
The uncovered reverse side, seen below, shows how the connection holes are
interconnected.
The metallic strips connect the middle sections in columns of five, while the two sets
of outer rows are connected horizontally.
The diagram below shows how most common components can be inserted. Note that
the most complicated components are usually connected over the centre gutter. This is
especially true for transistors and integrated circuits (ICs).
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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
VARIABLE RESISTOR
SLIDE SWITCH
WIRE LINK
1
5
10
15
20
25
A
B
C
D
E
555
TRANSISTOR
1
5
10
15
20
25
F
G
H
I
J
ELECTROLYTIC
CAPACITOR
LDR
RESISTOR
Example 1
Build the LED series circuit for the car radio/cassette. It can be built on a prototype
circuit board or simulated on computer software such as Crocodile Technology.
Circuit diagram
Switch
I
390R
or
390
6V
LED
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Prototype board circuit layout diagram
+ 6 volts
Push Switc h
390 ohm s
0 volts
LED
Remember to connect the LED ‘the right way round’; that is the short lead (cathode)
is connected to the zero volt line or negative battery terminal. The LED should light
when the switch is pressed.
Example 2
Build the lamp circuit below. It can be built on a prototype circuit board or simulated
or computer software such as Crocodile Technology.
Circuit diagram
Slide Switch
I
Lamp
6V
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Component Electronic Systems
Layout diagram
+ 6 volts
Slide Switch
Diode
Lamp
0 volts
Remember to connect the diode ‘the right way round’; that is, the negative lead
(cathode) is connected to the zero volt line or negative battery terminal. The lamp
should light when the switch is moved to the right. Try connecting the diode ‘the
other way round’ to confirm its operation.
Computer simulation
The two series circuits can be built and simulated in a computer programme such as
Crocodile Technology.
LED circuit
As in the prototype circuit, when the switch is ‘pressed’ the LED should light.
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Lamp circuit
As in the prototype circuit, the lamp should light when the switch is pressed/moved
and it will not light when the diode is reversed. Note: Crocodile Technology uses a
rocker switch to represent the action of a slide switch.
Digital multimeters
The digital multimeter is used to measure voltage, current and resistance. It is very
simple to use and easy to read.
On/Off
Amps 20mA
a.c. d.c.
Volts
10A 50V
10V
1V
2mA
100mV
200A
200k
20k
200
2k
Ohms
10A
mA
V
COM
To measure d.c. voltage:
 connect the black lead to the ‘COM’ socket
 connect the red lead to the ‘V’ socket
 make sure that ‘d.c.’ is selected
 move the dial into the voltage (volts) range
 select a suitable range (always slightly higher than the expected measurement)
 place the lead probes on the points where the voltage is to be measured.
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To measure direct current:
 connect the black lead to the ‘COM’ socket
 connect the red lead to the ‘mA’ socket
 make sure ‘d.c.’ is selected
 move the dial into the current (amps) range
 select a suitable range (always slightly higher than the expected measurement)
 connect the probes to the wire in which the current is to be measured.
To measure resistance:
connect the black lead to the ‘COM’ socket
connect the red lead to the ‘V’ socket
make sure ‘d.c.’ is selected
move the dial into the resistance (ohms) range
select the range (always slightly higher than the expected measurement)
connect the probes to the ends of the component being measured.
Measuring d.c. voltage
Voltage is measured across components or parts of circuits as shown in the circuit
diagram below.
V
6v
This can be done in actual circuits or simulated with Crocodile Technology.
‘Across’ means in ‘parallel’ as opposed to ‘series’. Parallel circuits will be dealt with
later.
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Practical task
Using circuit simulation measure the voltage across all three components in the LED
circuit.
The voltage across each component is known as the voltage drop across the
component. This is the amount of voltage ‘used up’ or ‘dropped’ by each. The total
voltage dropped in the circuit should equal the total supply voltage as stated in
Kirchoff’s second law.
Record your results.
Measuring direct current
Current is measured through components or parts of circuits, as shown in the circuit
diagram below. Note that it is necessary to ‘break’ the circuit and connect the meter in
series with the components.
6V
A
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Practical tasks
1. Using circuit simulation, measure the current flowing through all three
components in the LED circuit.
In a series circuit the current flowing through all components is the same. Try placing
the meter at different parts of the circuit to prove this. In parallel circuits the same
current does not always flow through each component  you will find out about this
later.
Record the current flowing in this circuit.
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2. Using the prototype LED circuit, measure the voltages (potential difference, p.d.)
across each of the components.
Push Switc h
+ 6 volts
390 ohm s
volts
0 volts
LED
10A
mA
V
COM
Connect the Multimeter across the resistor as shown above
Alter the position of the zero volt connection and measure the current flowing in the
circuit. Set the meter to ‘mA’.
Record all results.
Push Switc h
+ 6 volts
390 ohm s
mA
0 volts
LED
10A
mA
V
COM
Measuring resistance
When measuring resistance make sure that your circuit is disconnected from the
supply, otherwise this will affect the reading. Do not touch the meter probes or the
components when measuring, as your own electrical resistance will then be included.
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Resistors connected in series
As resistors come in standard sizes, they are often connected in series to obtain a
specific size that is otherwise unavailable.
Practical tasks
1. Connect two resistors in series on a prototype circuit board and measure the
overall resistance.
R1
10A
mA
V
COM
R2
You should find that if Rtotal (or RT) is the total resistance measured across both
resistors then the equation for adding resistances in a series circuit is
Rtotal = R1 + R2
For three resistors in series
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3
and so on.
2. Using two unknown resistors, measure the resistance of each and calculate Rtotal.
Check your answer by measuring Rtotal as shown in the above diagram.
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Ohm’s law
You have already found that applying a voltage to a circuit results in a current flowing
through the circuit.
In the simple Crocodile Technology circuit below, double the voltage and you will see
that the current doubles as well. In other words if you double the voltage across a
component, the current flow through that component will also double.
Thus we can say that the current is proportional to the voltage drop across a resistor.
This rule is known as Ohm’s law. The rule applies to all metals, provided that their
temperature does not change.
R =
V
I
Current (A)
This relationship gives rise to the Ohm’s law formula:
Voltage (V)
which is more easily remembered as:
V=IxR
We can use the triangle trick to help transpose this formula. Cover up the quantity that
you are trying to find and the other two will be in the form that is needed.
V
I
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Component Electronic Systems
Ohm’s law in practice
For this exercise a simple series circuit is used.
I =
V
R
6 volts
Lamp
Current 0.06 amps
The task is to calculate the resistance of the lamp using Ohm’s law.
V
I
6
R =
0.06
R =
 R = 100 
Exercise 2
Tasks
1. Calculate the total resistance (Rtotal = R1 + R2) when the current flowing through
the circuit is 10.5mA. You can verify your answer by physical measurement or
with Crocodile Technology.
Switch
390 ohms
6v
LED
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2. Using Crocodile Technology measure the current flowing in the LED circuit (you
should have done this earlier) and calculate the resistance of the LED.
+ 9 volts
220 ohms
Buzzer
240 ohms
0 volts
Check your answer by physically measuring the resistance of the resistor and LED
with a multimeter.

RESISTOR
10A
mA
V
COM
The diagram above shows how to check the resistance of a resistor. A similar
technique is used to measure the resistance of the LED.
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Component Electronic Systems
Worked example: series circuit
For the series circuit shown, calculate:
(a) the total resistance (RT)
(b) the circuit current (IC)
(c) the potential difference across both resistors (V1 and V2)
c
S
(a)
(b)
VS = IC  R T
VS
IC =
RT
12

24
IC = 0.5 A
RT = R1 +R2
= 6 + 18
RT = 24
(c)
We can use Kirchoff’s second law to check the answers calculated for the potential
difference across the resistors:
V2 = IC  R2
 0.5  18
V2 = 9V
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VT = V1 + V2
 3 +9
VT = 12V
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Exercise 3
Exercises: resistors in series
1. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current.
12V
2. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance
(b) the circuit current
(c) the voltage drop across each resistor.
(d) Use Kirchoff’s second law to verify your answers to (c).
6V
3. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current.
24V
4. A circuit has three resistors in series. Their values are 15 R, 24 R and 60 R.
Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
5. Two resistors are connected in series. Their values are 25 R and 75 R. If the
voltage drop across the 25 R resistor is 4 volts, determine the circuit current and
the supply voltage.
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Parallel circuits
Parallel circuits are circuits where there is more than one path for electricity to flow
along or that have more than one ‘branch’. Each branch receives the supply voltage,
which means that you can run a number of devices from one supply voltage. A good
example of a simple parallel circuit is a set of Christmas-tree lights where all the bulbs
require a 230 volt supply.
This arrangement ensures that if one or two bulbs ‘blow’ then the rest of them
continue to function and, importantly, you know which are faulty. In a series circuit if
one bulb blew then all the bulbs would go out and you would have to test them all to
see which one was faulty.
Parallel circuits can be arranged in many ways, but are normally set out so that you
can easily see the parallel ‘branches’. A simple parallel car-alarm circuit is shown
below with the switches wired up in parallel.
12 volts
The two switches in parallel represent the sensor switches connected to the doors.
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Component Electronic Systems
Resistors in parallel
As resistors come in standard sizes, they are often connected in parallel to obtain a
specific size that is unavailable. This practice of combining resistors has already been
seen in series circuits.
Practical tasks
1. Connect two resistors in parallel on a prototype circuit board and measure the
overall resistance.
R1
10A
mA
V
COM
You should find that if Rtotal (or RT) is the total resistance measured across both
resistors then the equation for adding resistances in a parallel circuit is
1
1
1
= +
R
R
R
T
1
2
For three or more resistors, the equation can be extended:
1
1
1
1
+ ...
=
+
+
RT
R1
R2
R3
2. Using two unknown resistors, measure the resistance of each and calculate Rtotal
when the resistors are connected in parallel. Check your answer by measuring the
total resistance as shown in the above diagram.
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As stated earlier, each branch of a parallel circuit receives the supply voltage. Each
branch has its own current; that is, when the current reaches a junction it splits up,
with some current flowing into each branch. The total supply current is therefore the
sum of the currents flowing in the branches.
When resistors or resistive components are connected in parallel, the effect is to
reduce the resistance in the circuit.
I
I
1
I
T
I
T
2
There are two important points to remember about resistors in parallel.
(a) The voltage drop across each resistor is the same.
(b) The sum of the currents through each resistor is equal to the current flowing from
the voltage source.
Special case: two resistors in parallel
There is a special rule that can be applied when adding two resistors in parallel only:
total resistance (RT) = product/sum.
R
R
1x
2
R
T=
R
+
R
1
2
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Worked examples: resistors in parallel
1. For the circuit below, calculate the total resistance of the parallel part of the circuit
and the total current in the circuit.
R1
R2
12 volts
The resistance values are R1 = 270 R, R2 = 100 R and for the buzzer 240 R.
1
1
1
=
+
RT
R1
R2
1
1
1
=
+
RT
270
100
1
270 + 100
=
RT
270 x 100
For the series part
1
370
=
RT
27000
 RT =
R T = R1 + R 2
R T = 73 + 240
27000
370
 R T = 313
 R T = 73
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2. For the circuit below, calculate the total resistance of the resistors in parallel.
R1
R2
R3
The resistance values are R1 = 220 R, R2 = 100 R and R3 = 330 R.
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
RT
R1
R2
R3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
RT
220
100
330
1
33000 + 72600 + 22000
=
RT
7260000
1
127600
=
RT
7260000
 RT =
7260000
127600
 R T = 57
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3. For the parallel circuit shown calculate:
(a) the total resistance (RT)
(b) the circuit current (IC)
(c) the current in each resistor (I1 and I2).
c
s
(a)
(b)
R1  R2
R1 + R2
8  12
=
8 + 12
96

20
= 4.8
RT =
RT
VS = IC  R T
VS
IC =
RT
12
=
4.8
IC = 2. 5 A
(c)
V S
R 1
12

8
= 1.5 A
I1 =
I1
We can use Kirchoff’s second law to check the
answers calculated for the current in each branch.
V S
R 1
12

12
= 1 A
IC = I1 + I2
 1.5 + 1
IC = 2.5 A
I2 =
I2
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Exercise 4
Exercises: resistors in parallel
1. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current.
9V
2. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current
(c) the current flowing though R1 (10 R)
(d) the current flowing through R2 (24 R).
110V
3. For the circuit shown below calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current
(c) the current flowing through R1 (660 R).
(d) the current flowing through R2 (470 R).
Use Kirchoff’s second law to verify your answers to parts (c) and (d).
240 V
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4. A 6 R resistor and a 75 R resistor are connected in parallel across a voltage supply
of 12 V. Calculate the circuit current.
5. A 440 R resistor is connected in parallel with a 330 R resistor. The current through
the 440 R resistor is 300 mA. Find the current through the 330 R resistor.
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Combined series and parallel circuits
Until now we have been looking at series or parallel circuits individually. It is
possible, and quite common, to have series and parallel connections in the same
circuit.
Consider the combined series and parallel circuit shown in the figure below.
You can see that R2 and R3 are connected in parallel and that R1 is connected in series
with the parallel combination.
Some points to remember when you are dealing with combined series and parallel
circuits are:
 the voltage drop across R2 is the same as the voltage drop across R3
 the current through R2 added to the current through R3 is the same as the current
through R1
 the voltage drop across R1 added to the voltage drop across R2 (which is the same
as across R3) would equal the supply voltage Vs.
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Worked example: combined series and parallel circuits
1. For the combined series and parallel circuit shown, calculate:
(a) the total circuit resistance (RT)
(b) the circuit current (IC)
(c) the voltage drop across resistor R1 (VR1)
(d) the current through resistor R2 (I2).
48R
24R
10R
12V
(a) In the first instance you must calculate the equivalent resistance of the parallel
arrangement (RP) of R2 and R3. It is possible to use the special case formula for
two resistors in parallel:
RP 
R2  R3
R2  R3
RP 
10  48
10  48
RP 
480
58
R P  8.28
The total circuit resistance (RT) is then found by adding RP to R1:
R T  R1  R P
R T  24  8.28
R T  32.28
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(b) It is now possible to calculate the circuit current:
VS  I C  R T
IC 
VS
RT
IC 
12
32.28
I C  0.37 A
(b) The voltage drop across R1 is found by using the resistance across and the current
through R1.
V  IR
VR1  I C  R 1
VR1  0.37  24
VR1  8.88V
(c) The current through R2 is found by using the resistance of R2 and the voltage drop
across R2. By using Kirchoff’s second law we know that the voltage drop across
the parallel arrangement must be:
VS  VR1  VP
VP  VS  VR1
VP  12  8.88
VP  3.12V
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By using Kirchoff’s first law we know that the circuit current IC will ‘split’ or divide
between the two resistors R2 and R3. In order to find the current through R2 we use:
V  IR
VP  I 2  R 2
I2 
VP
R2
I2 
3.12
10
I 2  0.312A
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Exercise 5
Exercises: combined series and parallel circuits
1. For the circuit shown calculate:
(a) the resistance of the parallel combination
(b) the total circuit resistance.
(c) The total current.
7.5 V
2. For the circuit shown calculate:
(a) the total resistance
(b) the circuit current
(c) the voltage drop across each resistor.
24 V
3. For the circuit shown calculate:
(a) the total resistance of the circuit
(b) the circuit current
(c) the voltage drop across each resistor
(d) the current through each resistor.
110 V
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Power in electric circuits
Electrical power is measured in watts (W). Electrical power can be converted into
other forms of power using electric circuits. For example the power used in
overcoming electrical resistance can be converted into heat – this is the principle of an
electric fire.
The power in an electric circuit depends both on the amount of current (I) flowing and
the voltage (V) applied.
The formula for power in electric circuits is:
Power = Voltage x Current (watts)
P = V x I (W)
Worked example
An electric household lamp consumes 60 watts from a 240 volt supply. Calculate the
current drawn by the lamp and the resistance of the lamp.
P = V  I
I =
I =
P
V
60
240
I = 0. 25 A (or 250 mA)
V = I R
R =
R =
V
I
240
0 .25
R = 960 
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Exercise 6
Exercises: power in electric circuits
1. In the following simplified circuit for a vacuum cleaner motor, calculate:
(a) the power consumption of the motor
(b) the voltage of the lamp
(c) the total power drawn from the power supply.
3 amps
240 volts
M
200 volts
2. The torch circuit below is supplied with two 4.5 volt batteries connected in series,
with the current being 20 mA. Determine:
(a) the resistance of the bulb
(b) the voltage across the bulb
(c) the total power drawn from the supply
(d) the power drawn by the bulb.
Switch
100 ohms
Bulb
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For many of the following exercises it would be useful to draw the circuit diagram.
3. An electric iron rated at 800 W is connected to a 230 V supply. Calculate the
maximum current drawn by the iron. What is the power used by the iron at halfheat setting?
4. A kettle and a toaster use the same double socket. If the kettle draws a current of
10 A and the toaster 3 A, find the power used by each of the appliances. The two
sockets are wired in parallel to a 230 V supply.
5. An electric drill draws a current of 1.5 amps from a 110 volt supply. Calculate the
power rating of the drill.
6. An emergency power generator has to drive 80 lamps. Each lamp takes 60 W at
230 V. Calculate the current through each bulb if:
(a) they are connected in series
(b) they are connected in parallel.
7. How many 150 W lamps can be connected in parallel to a 250 V supply through a
5 A fuse?
8. In a stereo system each of the speakers is rated as 15 W per channel. If the supply
voltage is 230 V, find the current drawn by each speaker when the system is fully
on. Assume that the speakers are connected in parallel. If the system uses 2 W in
wasted heat energy in normal conditions at full power, what is the current drawn
from the supply and what fuse would you recommend for the mains plug?
9. The power ratings for the lamp bulbs on a car with a 12 V battery are as follows:
 headlamps – 60 W
 indicators – 24 W
 sidelamps – 6 W.
Find the current drawn by each lamp and the resistance of each bulb.
10. The rear screen heater in a car is connected to the 12 V system and draws a current
of 2 A. Find the resistance of the circuit. In reality the 12 V, 0.5 A interior light is
on the same circuit. State whether this is a parallel or series circuit and calculate
the power and current when both lamp and heater are on.
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Now do the test
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