Download ῃσθα

Verbs that have strictly this conjugation without even the need for additional information
about finding the lexical form are very few: almost all verbs in –εύω (though not κελεύω),
most in -Cύω (C standing for any consonant), some in -ίω, a few in -άω, if the –α- is
preceded by –ρ- or vowel; these are called “verba pura”. Λύω & θηρεύω are good
examples with a full range of forms.
Notes:
1) Valid for all forms: *the endings for A subj 1st, 2nd and 3rd sg may be extended to –ωμι,
-ῃσθα, -ῃσιν in other dialects than Attic prose.
*Other subjunctives: in Epic -ωμεν, -ητε, -ωμαι, -ηται, -ώμεθα may be replaced by -ομεν,
-ετε, -ομαι, -εται, -όμεθα, though not in the durative; in P aor one meets forms such as
–θήομεν/-θείομεν for –θῶμεν.
*The ending for Md/MdP 1st pl is often –μεσθα in other dialects than Attic prose.
*The endings Md/MdP 3rd pl may be replaced by –αται & -ατο in all optatives and
some other forms outside Attic prose.
*In Epic one often encounters A inf endings –(ε)μεν, -(ε)μεναι, (ε) being the thematic
vowel in duratives, futures (and them. aorists) therefore absent in (athem ao and) perf.
*The ending –(ό)ντων for the A imp 3rd pl is later often replaced by –(έ)τωσαν, (ό/έ) being
the thematic vowel, only encountered in those forms. Same for MdP: -(έ)σθωσαν.
*The MdP participles are declined with 2nd declension endings >M & >Ne (1st and 2nd
columns respectively) and with 1st declension endings (2nd column) >F.
*The bold-type endings are of course coupled to augment, but in Epic and Ionic nonaugmented forms are very frequent.
*The italic-type endings are famous for having more than one possible determination. But
as (for example) the A imp 3rd pl is, to say the least, rare and the A ptc >M+Ne is very
frequent, one need not be in dubio very much there. Same thing for A ao imp 2nd sg and A
fu ptc >N+Ac sg Ne, of which the first is the more frequent by far. Also, of course, one
encounters far more A du ind 3rd pl than A du ptc >M+Ne D pl. In the other cases there is
no preponderance of one above the other.
Verbs that have no visible augment have a few more identical forms; in Epic, where the
augment is optional, the same applies.
2) Notes only applicable to Aorist.
*The endings for A opt 2nd sg, 3rd sg and 3rd pl are often –σαις, -σαι and –σαιεν
instead of –σειας, -σειεν and –σειαν.
*The ending –θησαν for P pa-ind 3rd pl is in Epic often replaced by –θεν.
*The endings for P opt pl are often –θείημεν, -θείητε, -θείησαν in later prose.
3) Notes applicable only to Perfect.
*The endings for A perf pa-ind in later prose may be –κειν, -κεις, -κει, -κειμεν,
-κειτε, -κεισαν.
*The given forms are often replaced by periphrastic ones, i.e. ptc.+auxiliary verb εἰμί,
e.g. λελυκὼς ὦ, λελυκότες ὦσιν for λελύκω, λελύκωσιν; this occurs mainly in the
subjunctive, optative and MdP pr+pa ind 3rd pl. The auxiliary is always εἰμί.
4) Notes applicable to P fu: a few stems that might cause trouble: Md fu of αἰσθη-, (ἀπ)εχθη-, *μαθη-, φθη-;
also Md fu of ἀκολουθέω, βοηθέω, ποθέω, *μυθέομαι, μοχθέω; and Md fu of καθίημι, μεθίημι, & fu of
καθῆμαι; verbs marked with * have (many) composites.
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