Download SOL 13 The Cold War

The Cold War
SOL 13
The Cold War Heats Up in Europe
• The Cold War can best be described as an ideological war
fought without bullets or bombs through proxies
• American-led Democratic Capitalism vs. Soviet-led
Authoritarian (or Totalitarian) Communism
• After the war, the US and USSR begin competing for influence
in the re-building nations.
• These two nations were the leading military superpowers in
the world.
Cold War Origins
• Yalta Conference. (1945)
– Discussed how to end the war
– Agreed to divide Austria,
Germany, and Berlin into
zones of occupation.
– Agreed upon free elections in
liberated countries
– Proposed the United Nations
• Potsdam Conference (1945)
– Agreed Germany would be
unified after occupation.
– Stalin pushed for control of
Poland, claimed more
territory, and demanded
reparations from Germany
(industrial equipment)
Formation of satelite states
• As Russia liberated
countries in East/Central
Europe while fighting
towards Nazi Germany, they
left governments in place
that were friendly towards
the USSR and communism.
• Stalin’s promise of free
elections would only take
place after these countries
had learned soviet socialists
principles
• These countries would form
the Eastern Bloc
• These nations were also
called Soviet satellites
The Iron Curtain
• On March 5, 1946 at Westminster College in
the US, Winston Churchill described the
current condition of Europe.
• "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the
Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the Continent."
• Many consider Churchill’s “Iron Curtain”
Speech as the beginning of the Cold War.
Truman Doctrine (1947)
• By 1946 communists had renewed a Civil War in
Greece. Truman’s response—The Truman Doctrine
• It shall be the policy of the United States to support
free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation
(conquering) by armed minorities or outside pressures
– Truman was afraid that the war ruined nations of Europe might
become communist if their economic miseries could not be cured.
• A starving man will take up any cause that will feed him
– Congress passed the plan approving $400 million for Turkey and
Greece
• This policy became known as containment
– The United States committed itself to contain, or resist, the
spread of communism to other countries
Video
The Marshall Plan
• In June of 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall unveiled a plan
for the nations of Europe, including the Soviet Union, to draw up a
program for economic recovery after the war
- In exchange for aid, European countries were to remove trade
barriers so that goods could flow freely across the continent and
from the US
- The Soviet Union and its Eastern European neighbors (under Soviet
pressure) did not participate
- Sixteen Western European Nations did take part requesting $17
Billion over a four year period
- Western European nations restored their economic health and the
United States was rewarded with strong trade partners in that part
of the world
Video
President Truman and the Policy of
Containment
• The Truman Doctrine and
the Marshall Plan were
designed to promote
economic and political
stability in Europe.
• During the Cold War,
American military aid was
available to any nation
threatened by
communism because of
Congress’ approval of the
Truman Doctrine.
• Containment would be
the policy under Pres.
Eisenhower as well.
The Berlin Airlift
• In June 1947 The Soviet Union began blockading the land and
water routes into the city of Berlin
• The Soviets wanted the Americans, French, and English out of
Berlin
– President Truman did not want to risk war but was not
willing to let Berlin go to the Soviets
• Truman and the other western leaders decided to supply
Berlin by air.
• Supplies were flown into the city every day
• The airlift lasted until May of 1949 when the Soviets lifted the
blockade
• The Tension that was created by the blockade convinced the
Western powers that they needed to from a peacetime
alliance for security against the Soviet threat
Video
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• Established in 1949
• Included
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•
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•
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Luxemburg
Belgium
Canada
England
Denmark
France
Iceland
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
Portugal
America
NATO
• NATO vowed that an attack on any one of the
members would be viewed as an attack on all
• America dropped all opposition to military
treaties with Europe for the first time since
the American Revolution
• The United States was now directly involved in
European affairs
The Russian Response to NATO—
The Warsaw Pact
• The Soviet Union established its own defense
pact with the countries of Eastern Europe,
which it dominated, called the Warsaw Pact.
CUBING
Word/Phrase: Containment
1.
Describe it.
(What is the Definition? What does it look like?)
2. Compare it.
(What is it similar or different from?)
3. Associate it.
(What does it make you think of?)
4. Analyze it.
(How was it created? What happened/has to happen for it to take
place? What is the substance of it?)
5. Apply it.
(What can you do with it? How is/was it used)
6. Argue for or against it.
(Take a stand and list reasons for supporting this position)
Cold War Conflicts
China Civil War
• The Chinese Nationalist Party or Kuomintang
had forced the last Qing Emperor to abdicate
in February 1912.
• The Nationalists soon became challenged by
the newly formed Chinese Communist Party
and entered into a Civil War in the 1930s.
• During WWII, the Nationalists and
Communists reached a temporary alliance to
fight the Japanese.
China Falls to Communist
• At the end of WWII the Chinese Civil War
resumed.
• On October 1, 1949, the Chinese Communist
Party led by Mao Zedong drove the
Nationalists out of mainland China and
proclaimed the People’s Republic of China.
Video
All that remains of Nationalist
(Democratic) China
• Chiang Kai-shek, leader of
the Nationalists, and
600,000 Nationalist
troops and 2,000,000
refugees, predominantly
from the government and
business community,
retreated from the out of
mainland China, and onto
the island of Taiwan.
• The United States signed
a treaty with Taiwan
guaranteeing its freedom
Effects of the Chinese Civil War
• The outcome of China’s civil war worried
Americans, because the successful
Communists seemed to be advancing all over
the world.
• The fall of Mainland China to Communism
after WWII globalize the Policy of
Containment that led to the Vietnam War and
other conflicts on the margins of the
Communist World.
THE DOMINO THEORY
• The domino theory described the fall of one Asian
country to communism leading to the fall of its
neighbors.
• China
• Korea (North and South) – The Korean Conflict
• Vietnam (North and South)
(MAD)
• President Eisenhower’s policy to deter any nuclear
strike by the Soviets was to use massive retaliation.
• Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is the doctrine of
military strategy in which a full scale use of nuclear
weapons by one of two opposing sides would result in
the destruction of both the attacker and the defender
• During the Cold War, the potential for global nuclear
destruction was why the U.S. and U.S.S.R. were
reluctant to become involved in direct military conflict.
A Divided Korea
• At the end of WWII the
allies resorted to a short
term solution for the
independence of Korea.
– Japanese troops north of
the 38th parallel
surrendered to the
Russians while those south
of the parallel surrendered
to America
– This was not intended to
be permanent
– Soon Russia set up and
supported a Communist
government in the North
led by Kim Il Sung and
America set up and
supported a Democratic
government in the South
led by Syngman Rhee.
The Korean War
• While it had been hoped that the two Korea’s
would someday unify each wanted it on different
terms
• In June of 1950 North Korea invaded the South to
bring about a unification
• The UN condemned the attack and asked for
member countries to send in troops.
• In September 1950 under US and South Korea led
by General MacArthur launched an attack and
pushed the North Koreans back behind their
border
Video
MacArthur Vs. Truman
• President Truman wanted
a limited war and refused
MacArthur permission to
use nuclear weapons
• MacArthur would not
back down and sent a
letter to Congress which
attacked Truman's ability
lead.
• On April 5th 1951 Truman
fired MacArthur for
insubordination
Video
Chinese Soldiers March across the Yalu
River to attack United Nations Forces
• Communist China
became involved with
the Korean War when it
thought North Korea
would fall to South
Korea backed by the
U.S.
• China impacted the
Korean conflict by
coming to the aid of
North Korea; as a result,
the fighting reached a
stalemate, and Korea
remained divided at the
38th parallel.
Cuban Revolution
• In 1956, Fidel Castro leads a
revolution against an
authoritarian but proAmerican government in
Cuba.
• He took control of land and
businesses, redistributed
income and land, denied
civil liberties (nothing new
although), and executed
opponents
• Made a trade agreement
with Khrushchev and USSR
• He improved the literacy
rate to 96% (highest in L.A.)
Bay of Pigs
• January 1961, after Castro seized US owned land
in Cuba, Eisenhower broke off diplomatic
relations with Cuba.
• The CIA began to provide support for Cuban
exiles and train them for an uprising against
Castro.
• The Rebel invasion was to land at the Bay of Pigs
in April.
• Our military support was not able to get in to
help the rebels and it failed miserably.
• It pushed Castro closer to the Soviets.
Video
The Berlin Wall
• June 1961, Khrushchev
again demanded that
the Americans leave
West Berlin.
• On 13 August,
Khrushchev closed the
border between East
and West Berlin – and
built a wall.
• Became a physical sign
of the Cold War.
Video
• The wall was intended
to keep the people of
East Berlin from leaving
the communist way of
life for the decedent
western capitalist
world.
• The East German
Guards were told to
shoot anyone that tried
to escape over the wall.
President Kennedy goes to Berlin and
gives a famous speech
There are many people in the world who really
don’t understand what is the great issue
between the free world and the communist
world.
Let them come to Berlin!
There are some who say in Europe and
elsewhere we can work with the communists.
Let them come to Berlin!
All free men, wherever they may live, are
citizens of Berlin.
And therefore, as a free man, I take pride in
the words Ich bin ein Berliner' ['I am a
Berliner'].
President Kennedy, 1963.
(Although he meant this to mean:
'I am a Berliner', he should have said in
German:
'Ich bin Berliner'. Outside Berlin, a Berliner ein Berliner - is a German pastry;
Some people joke that he actually said: 'I am a
jelly doughnut'
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviet Union sent nuclear weapons to Cuba (less than 100
miles from U.S.)
• The U.S. responded to the Soviet Union stockpiling weapons
in Cuba by blockading Cuba with Navy ships.
• October 14-28, 1962: For 13 days U.S. was afraid Cuba and
Soviet Union would use those weapons
• “It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear
missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the
Western Hemisphere as an attack on the United States,
requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union. “
–JFK
• Agreement made to dismantle weapons and U.S. promised
not to invade Cuba
• The Cuban Missile Crisis is the event that generally
acknowledged being the confrontation which most nearly
Video
led to WWIII and nuclear war.
Vietnam
• Vietnam, then called French
Indochina, had been a colony of
France.
• 1945, Ho Chi Minh led a group of
communist guerilla fighters
against the French
• 1954, the Geneva Accord ended
the war between the French and
Vietnam and France pulled out
its forces.
• Vietnam was divided at the 17th
Parallel. The North became
communist under Ho Chi Minh.
The south became noncommunist under Ngo Dinh Diem
Vietnam Conflict
• Ngo Dinh Diem was
corrupt, authoritarian
leader that his people
did not like.
• 1963, a military group
assassinated Diem and
took control.
• 1965, the US becomes
more involved because
of fears related to the
Domino Theory
The War in Vietnam
• By the summer of 1968
over 500,000 American
soldiers were on the
ground in Vietnam.
• Americans began to
see stories nightly on
ABC, NBC, and CBS
about the war
The Tet Offensive
• On the evening of January 31st,
1968, 70,000 members of the Viet
Cong launched a surprise attack on
more than a hundred cities and
towns in Vietnam.
• It proved to be a turning point in
the war.
• An estimated 37,000 NLF soldiers
were killed compared to 2,500
Americans.
• However, it illustrated that the NLF
appeared to have inexhaustible
supplies of men and women willing
to fight for the overthrow of the
South Vietnamese government.
Vietnamization
• Soon after taking office. President Richard Nixon
introduced his policy of “Vietnamization".
– The plan was to encourage the South Vietnamese to
take more responsibility for fighting the war. It was
hoped that this policy would eventually enable the
United States to withdraw gradually all their soldiers
from Vietnam.
• The Paris Peace Accords of 1973 ended American
involvement in the war.
• April 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to North
Vietnam and unified into one Communist
Country.
Video
Cambodia
• At least a million deaths and
disruption of the entire nation of
Cambodia is blamed on Pol Pot.
• He was the leader of the Khmer
Rouge (Communist Party of
Cambodia.)
Cambodia
Collapse of
Communism in the
Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe
Detente
• In the 1970s , American leaders sought to ease
the tensions of the Cold War by improving
relations with communist countries.
• This improvement in relations became known
as détente (French for easing of strain).
• The Soviet Union kept tight control on its
satellite nations allowing no dissent during
this time though.
Video
Ronald Reagan
• Becomes President in
1980
• Needs to focus on
Economic Recovery and
other Domestic Issues
• Builds up the Military
• Star Wars Initiative
• 1987 speech--“Mr.
Gorbachev, tear down
this wall!”
Margaret Thatcher
• Prime Minister of Great
Britain
• Promoted Free Trade and
less government
regulation of business
• Close relationship with
the United States (and
Ronald Reagan)
• Asserted the United
Kingdom’s military power
• Nicknamed the “Iron
Lady”
Indira Gandhi
• 3rd Prime Minister of the
Republic of India
• Moves away from
Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy
of nonalignment (her
father) and develops a
closer relationship
between India and the
Soviet Union during the
Cold War
• Developed a nuclear
program
Mikhail Gorbachev
• 1980s the USSR is struggling
under the stress of its failed
economic structure
• 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev
became leader of Soviet Union
and made a series of reforms
(changes):
– Perestroika (“restructuring”)
• allows some private ownership
of businesses in the Soviet Union
– Glasnost (“openness”)
• Relaxed government control and
eased social restrictions
encouraging freedom of
expression in the Soviet Union
– Agrees to Arms Reductions with
Reagan under INF Treaty
NATIONALISM IN WARSAW
PACT COUNTRIES
• Communist regimes in the satellite nations began to
lose power as democratic uprisings challenge them.
• Gorbachev refuses to intervene.
• Increased nationalism in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union allowed under “Glasnost” contributed
to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw
Pact in the Late 1980’s.
Video
BERLIN WALL TAKEN DOWN
• Factors in the final demise of the Berlin Wall in
1989:
• Hungary allowed East German tourists to cross the border into
Austria
• demonstrations of protestors demanding the right to travel freely
and free election
• the new East German leadership allowed people to leave East
Germany.
• November 9, 1989 Brandenburg Gate opened
• Government orders the rest of the Wall taken down
Video
• German Reunification talks start
1991 Failed Coup
• Upset with Gorbachev’s reforms hardcore
communists tried to take over the
government.
• Their coup failed but crippled the communist
government and lead to the dissolution of the
USSR.
Video
BREAKUP OF U.S.S.R. AND
CREATION OF 15
INDEPENDENT STATES
• The Breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990’s
led to the largest number of newly independent
nations joining the world community in a one-year
period.
The Two men credited with
bringing an end to the Cold War!
Independent Russia
• Boris Yeltsin became
President
• Made transition to
democracy and
capitalism
• Economy suffered high
inflation and
unemployment
Deng Xiaoping- China
• Reformed communist
economy to market
economy leading to rapid
economic growth
– Special Economic Zones are
created to allowed free
enterprise opportunities
along the coastline
• Communist party control
of government continued
– “Perestroika” without
“Glasnost”
– Tiananmen Square
massacre
Video