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11/23/2009 Deciduous trees Mike Maddox H i l Horticulture Ed Educator Rock County UW-Extension Director of Education Rotary Botanical Gardens ISA Certified Arborist http://rock.uwex.edu/hort password: tree DECIDUOUS TREES Advanced Master Gardener Training 2009 Overview What is “stress”? General overview Average Tree Age per Site Acute vs chronic Primary vs secondary Biotic vs abiotic Major stresses Soil and site problems Physiological disorders Physical / mechanical injury Architectural problems Insects Diseases Specific problems Acer Betula Fraxinus Malus P Prunus Quercus Tilia Ulmus Society of Municipal Arborists- Tree of the Year 160 150 140 120 100 80 60 60 40 20 32 7 0 downtown What is stress? Stress Light, g Air, Water, Nutrients, etc. best city site rural site Types of stress Condition in which a tree is not in good health Factors promoting plant health are out of balance avg. city site Acute stress Disorder that occurs suddenly or over a short period of time Examples: pesticide sprays, frosts or freezes, mechanical injury, etc. Chronic stress Disorder occurring over a long period of time Nutritional imbalance, improper soil pH, long term weather changes, incorrect light intensity, etc. 1 11/23/2009 Types of stress Biotic stress Disorder that occurs from a living organism Examples: insect feeding, disease infestation, animal damage Types of stress Abiotic stress Primary (inciting) stress Disorder occurring from a non-living source Examples: Nutritional imbalance, frost damage, flooding, etc. Usually a chronic factor effecting the plant’s overall health Examples: nutrient imbalance, improper soil pH, construction damage, weather, etc. Secondary stress Usually a biotic factor that compounds the stress Disease or insect pest Soil and Site Problems General Examples of Stress Soil and site problems Physiological disorders Physical and mechanical injuries Insects and other pests Diseases Root related problems difficult to diagnose WHY? Symptoms typically appear on trunk and canopy Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Compacted soil Salt usage Soil pH Soil water holding capacity Grade changes and soil layering 2 11/23/2009 Soil and Site Problems Soil compaction is extremely difficult, expensive, and often impractical to correct once it has occurred Avoid grade changes and soil compaction in the Critical Root Zone ((CRZ)) or Radius ((CRZ)) DBH x 1.5 = __ft of radius 3 11/23/2009 Physiological Disorders Non-infectious disorders Typically abiotic, chronic, primary stress Insufficient water Girdling roots Nutrient imbalance 4 11/23/2009 Physiological Disorders Research Summary Gary Watson, Morton Arboretum Unfertilized Fertilized (at recommended turf rates) (over recommended turf rates) Low root density Turf Normal carbohydrate storage High root density Mulch Normal carbohydrate storage Insufficient water Girdling roots Nutrient imbalance Low root density Low carbohydrate storage High root density ~1” of water per week Proper planting Proper fertility regime ‘Right Tree, Right Place’ Low carbohydrate storage Physical and Mechanical Injury Typically acute stress Full extent of damage cannot be immediately assessed Fire injury Animal feeding Lightning Lawn mower damage Vandalism (or stupid stuff) 5 11/23/2009 Physical and Mechanical Injury Fire injury Animal feeding Use appropriate controlled-burn strategies Use tree wrap p and fencing g to protect p May be associated with other stress ie. Woodpeckers & borers Lightning Install lightning protection in trees on special trees Vandalism (and stupid stuff) Lawn mower damage Mulch trees and educate the person with the weed-whip! 6 11/23/2009 Architectural Problems Improper pruning Double leaders Included bark ed. Restart y our Proper Pruning Cut 3 Point Cut Undercut Stub cut Cut at branch collar Best in dormant season “Stub Cut” “Flush Cut” 7 11/23/2009 8 11/23/2009 9 11/23/2009 Family A’s Tree Not Pruned When Young Family B’s B s Tree Pruned When Young At Planting 3-4 Yrs. 5-7 Yrs. 15 Years later Insects Many insects, harmful or not, may live on plant Different life stages may be harmful to plant Most insect damage is result of feeding activity Bi ti and Biotic d typically t i ll secondary d stress t Leaf feeding insects vs Wood boring insects Courtesy of D. Herms, OSU/ OA ARDC Feeds on phloem tissue just under the bark Scars the xylem tissue on the surface of the sapwood 10 11/23/2009 Insects Develop IPM strategy for insect control Resistant varieties i.e. don’t plant ash trees? Scouting and monitoring Preventative measures Diseases Systemic insecticide, inspect incoming stock, etc. Curative measures Susceptible host, pathogen, and favorable environment must be present for infection to form Most pathogens are host specific Part of tree affected indicates severity of disease Leaves, stems, trunks, roots, flowers Cosmetic vs. fatal Biotic, chronic or acute, typically secondary Diseases Develop IPM strategy for disease control Resistant varieties Scouting and monitoring P Preventative t ti measures Preventative pesticide applications, pruning, disinfect tools, sanitation, etc. Curative measures? 11 11/23/2009 Reducing Plant Stress “Right Plant, Right Place” Proper watering and nutrition Proper maintenance (planting, pruning) IPM scouting IPM, ti Resources Woody ornamental pest management in Wisconsin, (A3597) www.isa-arbor.com , www.treecareindustry.org Tree Selection Species Specific Issues Acer B l Betula Fraxinus Malus Prunus For a healthy urban forest… No more than 10% of any single tree species. No more than 20% of any tree genus. N No more than 30% of anyy tree family. y Quercus Tilia Ulmus Gleditsia (Frank Santamour, Jr. 1990. METRIA 7) Acer sp. (Maple) Family Aceraceae About 110-120 species of trees & shrubs Acer (maple) Dipteronia- occurs only in China M yN Mostly N. Hemisphere p Leaves opposite, simple and palmately veined or palmately or pinnately compound. Fruit samara 12 11/23/2009 Acer sp. (Maple) Insects Aphids** Cottony maple scale* Erinium gall mite Fall cankerworm** Leafhopper* Leafhopper Lecanium scale Maple bladder gall mite** Maple petiole disorder Obliquebanded leafroller Oystershell scale Spring cankerworm** Tussock moth Yellowknecked cateripillar Acer sp. (Maple) Diseases Anthracnose* Bacterial wetwood* Basal canker Leaf scorch Septoria leaf spot spot* Tar spot* Verticillium wilt** Sugar- upland species, poor urban tolerance Norway maple- OVERPLANTED, shade, invasive Silver maple- weak wood, messy, weedy Box elder- weak wood,, messy, y, weedy y Amur maple- invasive Red maple- soil pH issues Japanese- cold hardiness Freeman maple (hybrid)- adaptable, overplanted? Autumn Blaze- 2003 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Betula sp. (Birch) Family Betulaceae 6 genera of about 120-170 species Betula (birches) Alnus (alder) ( ) Corylus (hazelnut) Carpinus (musclewood) Betula sp. (Birch) Shrubs or trees Leaves Inflorescence Alternate, simple Catkin Fruit Samara Cool temperate environments of N. Hemisphere Often associated with lakes and streams Betula sp. (Birch) Insects Aphids** Leafminer* Birch leaf skeletonizer* Bronze birch borer* Dusky birch sawfly* Fall webworm** Gypsy moth** Leafhopper Lecanium scale Yellownecked caterpillar Tussock moth Diseases Canker** Leaf rust* Leaf spot 13 11/23/2009 Betula sp. (Birch) Paper- heat hardiness, moisture Whitespire- must be clonally propagated River- adaptable, Japanese beetle, overplanted? Betula nigra Heritage™ 2002 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Family Oleaceae (Olive family) 24-30 genera, herbs, shrubs, woody vines, trees Fraxinus (ash) C Chionanthus ((fringetree) g ) Forsythia (forsythia) Ligustrum (privet) Syringa (lilac) Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Insects Aphids** Ash flower gall mite Ash borer/lilac / borer Emerald Ash Borer Fall webworm** Plantbugs** Oystershell scale Mostly temperate regions of N. Hemisphere Leaves opposite, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets serrate to entire Fruit Samara Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Diseases Anthracnose** Leafspots* Cankers* Verticillium wilt** Green- very adaptable, “green trash”, leaf loss, susceptible to many problems, OVERPLANTED White- more ornamental than green, cleaner, overplanted p Blue- square stems, not as adaptable as others 14 11/23/2009 Fraxinus sp. (Ash) Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Attacks ALL Fraxinus! Malus sp. (Crabapples) Family Rosaceae (Rose) 97-100 genera, 3000 species World-wide distribution V Veryy diverse: v herbs to small trees Prunus (almond, Rosa (rose) apricot, cherry, Rubus (blackberry, raspberry) peach, plum) Fragaria (strawberry) Spireae Pyrus (pear) Potentilla Cratageus (hawthorn) Sorbus (Mtn. Ash) Malus sp. (Crabapples) Malus sp. (Crabapples) According to Michael Dirr… Leaves 400 to 600 types Tend to freely hybridize Flowers Fruit Alternate, simple Single flower with 5 petals petals, born in umbels or racemes Pome 15 11/23/2009 Malus sp. (Crabapples) White Bloom Rosy Bloom Malus sp. (Crabapples) Insects Aphids** Eastern tent caterpillar** Fall cankerworm Fall webworm Gypsy moth Japanese beetle Scale Shothole borer Spider mites Red/pink buds White flowers Leaves green Fall color yellow/orange Fruits red or yellow (turning orange) Pink/magenta flowers Leaves tinged g red Fall color burgundy Fruits always red Diseases Fireblight Rust Scab Powdery mildew Malus sp. (Crabapples) Native varieties often lack disease/insect resistance (M. ioensis) Breeding for disease resistance, flower color, fruit size & persistence p Suckers and watersprouts Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Also Rosaceae family According to Dirr… Over 400 species of Prunus many difficult to distinguish Many insect and disease problems Do not look upon as long-term garden investments Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Leaves Flowers Fruit Alternate, simple, serrated Five-petalled showy Five-petalled, 1 seeded drupe of various shapes, stone fruit often enclosed 16 11/23/2009 Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Insects More Insects Aphids** Eastern tent caterpillar** European red mite* Fall cankerworm cankerworm** Fall webworm** Gypsy moth** Japanese beetle** Lecanium scale Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Lesser peachtree borer* Obliquebanded leafroller Oystershell scale* Peachtree borer Pear slug sawfly* Diseases Bacterial leafspot & canker Black knot Powdery mildew San Jose scale* Spring cankerworm** Spider mite* Yellownecked caterpillar Prunus sp. (Plum, cherry…) Purple leaf sand cherry (P. x cistena)OVERPLANTED, JB, BK American red plum (P. americana)- roadside waste land,, BK Quercus sp. (Oak) Family Fagaceae (Beech) 7 genera, 800-1000 species Temperate and tropical N. Hemisphere C Castanea ((chestnut)) Fagus (beech) 17 11/23/2009 Quercus sp. (Oak) Leaves Quercus sp. (Oak) Nut Diseases Anthracnose* Leaf spots** Oak wilt** Root and butt rot More Insects Oak leaf skeletonizer Spider mites Spring p g cankerworm Twig pruner Two-lined chestnut borer Yellownecked caterpillar Quercus sp. (Oak) Quercus sp. (Oak) Fruit Insects Aphids** Fall cankerworm** Fall webworm** Galls* Lacebug Lecanium scale Oakleaf miner Alternate, simple, usually pinnately veined Misc. Alkaline soil induced chlorosis White Oak Group Rounded leaves 1y year to bear acorn Physiologically resistant to oak wilt Red Oak Group Pointed leaves 2y years to bear acorns Very susceptible to oak wilt Quercus sp. (Oak) White (Q. alba)- difficult to produce and transplant, slow growing; subject to decline with urbanization Swamp white (Q. bicolor)- moist bottomland species, chlorotic 1998 Urban Tree of the Year by The Society of Municipal Arborists Bur (Q. macrocarpa) highly variable leaf description, “more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks” (M. Dirr) Red (Q. rubra)- can be adaptable to urban areas, high pH intolerant Pin (Q. palustris or Q. ellipsoidalis)- prefers moist soils, high pH intolerant, can be questionable for northern climates. 18 11/23/2009 Tilia sp. (Linden) Tilia sp. (Linden) Family Tiliaceae (Linden) Leaves 50 genera, 450 species of trees, shrubs, herbs worldwide Of family members in N. America, only Tilia is arborescent Fruit Tilia sp. (Linden) Insects Aphids** Fall cankerworm** Fall webworm Gypsy moth** Introduced basswood thrips* Alternate, simple Capsule (berry-like) Tilia sp. (Linden) Insects (more) Japanese beetle** Lecanium scale Linden borer* San Jose scale Spring cankerworm** Tussock moth Yellownecked caterpillar American (T. americana) – native species, soil adaptable but not tolerant to pollution; European selections more ornamental and adaptable, “best left in the woods”, included bark Redmond (T. americana x T. xeuchlora) - Little leaf (T. cordata) - easy to transplant, urban tolerant, numerous cultivars, included bark Ulmus sp. (Elm) Family Ulmaceae (Elm) 18 genera, 150 trees and shrubs, world wide Celtis (hackberry) Dirr… “Why are elms treated like royalty when they are so fallible?” 19 11/23/2009 Ulmus sp. (Elm) Leaves Diseases Bacterial wetwood (slime flux) Dutch elm disease* Verticillium wilt* Canker* Leaf blister* Leaf spots* Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Family Fabaceae (legume) Third largest family of flowering plants with 690-800 genera, 14,000 to 20,000 species of herbs, shrubs, trees, woody vines, world-wide. Cercis (red bud) Gymnocladus (Ky coffeetree) Robinia (locust) Cladrastis (yellowwood) Insects Aphids** Elm leaf beetle Elm sawfly y Fall cankerworm Fall webworm Gypsy moth** Leafhopper Samara (elm), (elm) drupe (hackberry) Ulmus sp. (Elm) Alternate, pinnately veined, often inequilateral at base Fruit Ulmus sp. (Elm) Insects (more) Lecanium scale Spider mites Spiny p y elm caterpillar p Spring cankerworm Wooly apple aphid Yellownecked caterpillar Ulmus sp. (Elm) American (U. americana)- very adaptable, overused, DED Chinese or lacebark (U. parviflora)- durable and ornamental, DED resistant, underused? Siberian ((U. p pumila)) adaptable p but little ornamental value, DED resistant, “a tree that does not deserve to be planted anywhere!” Dirr Asiatic hybrids- DED resistant, form? AccoladeTM (‘Morton’) U. japonica x U. wilsoniana ‘Patriot’, ‘Urban’ x selection of U. wilsoniana MANY others – need to question adult form. Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Leaves Fruit Alternate, 1- to 2-pinnately compound Elongated compressed, Elongated, compressed indehiscent legume (pod) 20 11/23/2009 Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Insects Aphids** Cottony maple scale Honeylocust spider mite* i * Honeylocust plantbug* Honeylocust pod gall midge Leafhoppers Lecanium scale Diseases Canker** Gleditsia sp. (Honeylocust) Thornless honeysuckle (G. triacanthos var inermis)TOUGH urban tree, tends Y-branch, OVERPLANTED 2010-Tree of the Year Tree Recommendations Society of Municipal Arborists Tree of the Year Program Redbud Cercis canadensis 2009-Tree of the Year 2008-Tree of the Year Chinkapin oak Black Tupelo Quercus muhlenbergii Nyssa sylvatica 21 11/23/2009 2007-Tree of the Year 2006-Tree of the Year Baldcypress Kentucky Coffeetree Taxodium distichum Gymnocladus dioicus 2005-Tree of the Year 2004-Tree of the Year 'Chanticleer' Pear 'Autumn Blaze' Maple Pyrus calleryana 'Chanticleer' Chanticleer Acer x freemanii 2003-Tree of the Year 2002-Tree of the Year 'Allee' Lacebark Elm 'Heritage' River Birch Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emer Emer IIII’ Betula nigra ‘Heritage’ 22 11/23/2009 2001-Tree of the Year 2000-Tree of the Year Bur Oak 'Redmond' Linden Quercus macrocarpa 1999-Tree of the Year 1998-Tree of the Year 'Skyline' Honeylocust Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor 1997-Tree of the Year 1996-Tree of the Year 'Ivory Silk' Lilac 'Princeton Sentry' Ginkgo Syringa reticulata 23 11/23/2009 Questions? Thank you. 24
