Download File - World History

Early Mesopotamia
3500 B.C.~ 146 B.C.
Mesopotamia means “land
between two river” in
Greek
3500 B.C.~ 2004 B.C.
THE SUMER
The First Civilization
• Sumer was the
known
ever
– Located in Mesopotamia (a.k.a. Fertile
Crescent)
– In between Tigris, Euphrates River
Geography of Mesopotamia
• Northern Mesopotamia
– Foothills of Taurus and Zagros mountain
chain
• Southern Mesopotamia
– Plain land, Good soil
Fertile Crescent
•
•
•
•
Most in Mesopotamia
Is a good land to farm
Hot
Lands are rich with nutrient
– Good land because of two rivers’ overflow
Two Rivers
• Tigris & Euphrates River
– Flood ;carries silt to land
•
•
•
•
Land fresh
Flood too less-land not fresh
Flood enough-good
Flood too much-wash away city
Technology - I
• Made Irrigation Canals
– Water crops
– Crops-able to get water in hot summer
Technology - II
• Before dropped seed in furrow by hand
– When oxen made furrows……
– Seeds automatically dropped inside
Sumerians were……
Governing System
• War period, priest chose military leaders
– After war, military leader had to be normal
• They stayed in power, claimed as king
• Supported priest to stay in power
– Took away many priest’s job
Sumerian Social Classes
Ruler, Top
Officials,
Wealthy
person
Farmers, Skilled
workers
Slaves
2334 B.C.-2193 B.C.
AKKADIAN EMPIRE
The First Empire
Conflict
• There was conflict in Sumerian City-States
– There was Akkadia, north of Sumer
• Different from Sumer
Sargon
• Became king of Sumerian City-State, Kush
– His army conquered many City-States.
– After having Empire, loyal Akkadian at high
position
– Ruled for 50 years
• After his death, Akkadia fell, Zagros
mountain warriors took away.
Between Akkadia and Babylon……
• Ur!
– 2100B.C.
– Ur-Nammu law code
• First law code ever known!
– Rebellion ended Ur
1900 B.C. ~ 1600 B.C.
OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
Old Babylon
• Babylon, an unimportant land
– Amorites took over Sumer including Babylon
• Hammurabi conquered city states including
Babylon
• Made Babylon the center of Babylon
An Eye
Hammurabi’s
Code
for an
•Eye
Law code made
during Hammurabi’s
time
• Many were same as
Sumerian Period
– Made it to make sure
everyone was
following the rule
• 282 law written
– Fallows
“If……Punishment”
• Introduced Rule of Law
– Everyone must get punished; Strong people
too!
• Punishment of higher hitting lower is less than……
• Lower hitting higher
• Hammurabi’s Code give us idea of
Babylon’s life
Babylon’s Life
• Most people lived with farming
• Cities people bought, sold goods
• Used new technology to make tools
934 B.C.-612 B.C.
ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Assyrians
• Frequent war made Assyrians fierced
Warriors
• Had one of the world’s first calvary
– Calvary is soldiers riding horse
– Territory stretched from Persian Gulf to Egypt
Governing
• Divided into 70 Provinces
• Assigned ruler for each
– Rulers reported to the Assyrian ruler
Ashurbanipal
• Assyrian Ruler
• Nineveh as capital
• Built library and filled with cuneiform tablet
– About law, math, science, etc.
– 20,000 survive today
• After his death, civil war & New Empire
arose
626 B.C.-539 B.C.
NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
Nebuchadnezzar II
• Conquered Jerusalem, destroyed temple
• Had territory up to Egypt!
• Spent money building things
– e.g.) Great wall, temple, Hanging Garden
Hanging
Garden
• There was well to bring
water to the top
Water fall to carry water
from top to bottom
Canal water from
Euphrates River
539B.C.-331B.C.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
History
• Ruled my Medes
– Medes located from Iran to Zagros mountain
– However, Cyrus the Great led Persia to
conquer Medes!
• Now Persia has an empire
The Dream of Cyrus the Great
• Cyrus the Great dreamed to build a larger
empire
– Conquered……
• Turkey
• Kingdom of Lydia
• India
• But how did they conquer?
Standing Army
• Standing Army helped Persia conquer
• Permanent army of professional soldiers
• Made of 10,000 elite soldiers
– They were called immortals
Persian rule
• Under Cyrus’s rule, Babylon became the
wealthiest province
• Cyrus treated his people well
– Allowed Jewish to return and build their
temple
– However, Egypt was happy that Alexander
freed them from Persia
Cambyses II
• Son of Cyrus
– Conquered Egypt
• Attacked Kush
– Failed
• Lack of food in desert
• Many died before invading
Darius the Great
• Took power by force
• Persia grew very large
– Conquered……
• Indus Valley
• War with Greece

Thrace


Conquered at first……
However, Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis

Persia attacked Ionian city-states


Ionian rebelled in 500 B.C.
To help Ionians, Athens burned Sardis, Persian city
 Darius became angry, attacked Greece

Persia had 20,000 soldiers


Athens had 10,000 soldiers only
Athens had no archers or cavalry
 However, Greek Phalanx raced across the plain
 Greeks won!

According to legend, messenger ran 26 miles from
Marathon to Athens to announce they won ……
 And died


Made to remember the messenger who ran 26
miles
Messenger ran 39km, but on 4th Olympic,
hosted in London……

The Queen wanted to see the game, so the path
between Queen’s palace to the Olympic Stadium,
42.195 km.





Phalanx is foot soldiers who moved together
They were citizen soldiers
Had overlapping shield to each other
Shield on left had, Spear or sword on right
hand
Well trained Phalanx could defend almost all
force



Xerex, Darius’s son, brought 100,000 soldiers
Had Egyptian army and Phoenician navy
Sparta tried to defend at Thermopylae

Greek traitor showed another path, so Sparta died





Now, Persia could attack Athens!!
Athens moved to nearby island
Athens was burnt
Persian Ship-1.200/Athens-400
However……Result


Themistocles had a trap!
Greek ship hid at narrow strait

When Persian came, Greek attacked
 Persians ships stuck!

Persia lost 200 ships, Greeks lost 40 ships
Back to Darius……
Government-1
• Local self-Government
– Country divided into provinces
• Assigned ruler for each
• Rulers had good amount of freedom
• Allowed to keep tradition
Government-2
• Central control
– Conquered people paid tribute
• Amount set by wealth of people in the province
Currency
• Face of himself in gold coin
• Persian payment for good
• Unified economy by making it able to trade
with another
Zoroastrianism-1
• Most people believed in many gods
• 600B.C.
– Zoroaster taught that there is one god, Ahura
Mazda
– Also told that there is evil opponent
• Became the official religion of Persian
Empire
Zoroastrianism-2
• Sacred Text-Avesta
– Includes prayers, hymns, and other writings
• Believes that universe is struggle between
good and evil
• Believes that people play important role
playing in conflict
• Believes in afterlife
1150 B.C.-146 B.C.
PHOENICIANS
History
• Developed from earlier Canaanites
• Egypt controlled from around 1500 B.C.
• Phoenician city-state began to emerge in
1150 B.C., when Egyptian rule ended
Government
• Rulers were priest-kings
– Shared power leading merchants, citizen
assembly
Geography
• East, Lebanon Mountain
• West Mediterranean coast
– Had little land to farm
Manufacturing
• Weavers-rare purple dye from tiny sea
snails
– Sold in high price
• Also produced pottery, glass, metal object
• Trees-wood furnitures
Trade
• Few natural resources
– Traded
• Import: raw materials like gold, silver,tin,copper,
ivory, precious stone
• Export: bronze, silver bowls, iron tools, weapons,
gold jewelry, cedar logs, wine, olive, oil, salt, fish,
etc.
• Trading Ship as much as 60 ft.
Navigation
• First to navigate using North Star
• Had knowledge of wind patterns, ocean
current
Exploration
• Explored unknown waters
– North & Western Africa
– Italian Peninsulas
– Modern day Spain, Portugal
– Britain
• Explored to find precious metals
Colonization
• At first, used as trading station
– Ship stopped to get water, food, etc.
• Fertile land-settlement, became colony
– 800s B.C. Assyrians attack!
• Phoenicians arrived in colony safely
Carthage
• One of Phoenician Colony, became
powerful
– Challenged Rome!
– Eventually, Carthage lost all 3 wars(146 B.C.
when destroyed)
• At last, Phoenician colony became part of Rome
Legacy
• Cultural Diffusion
– Phoenician Culture  Rome & Greek
– Through Trade
Alphabet
Alphabet
• Alphabet is developed by Phoenicians
– Small set of letter standing for each sound
– 22 symbols
• Writing was easier
– Only had to memorize 22 symbols!
• Greeks adopted Phoenician Alphabet
• Traders of Phoenicians learned Alphabet
to communicate
Greeks & Romans using Alphabet
Greeks
• 750 B.C., Greeks started using Alphabet
• 500 B.C., Added vowels
Romans
• 100 B.C., adopted Greek Alphabet
– Changed few letters
• Looks like our Alphabet today
Thank you! 