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Early Mesopotamia 3500 B.C.~ 146 B.C. Mesopotamia means “land between two river” in Greek 3500 B.C.~ 2004 B.C. THE SUMER The First Civilization • Sumer was the known ever – Located in Mesopotamia (a.k.a. Fertile Crescent) – In between Tigris, Euphrates River Geography of Mesopotamia • Northern Mesopotamia – Foothills of Taurus and Zagros mountain chain • Southern Mesopotamia – Plain land, Good soil Fertile Crescent • • • • Most in Mesopotamia Is a good land to farm Hot Lands are rich with nutrient – Good land because of two rivers’ overflow Two Rivers • Tigris & Euphrates River – Flood ;carries silt to land • • • • Land fresh Flood too less-land not fresh Flood enough-good Flood too much-wash away city Technology - I • Made Irrigation Canals – Water crops – Crops-able to get water in hot summer Technology - II • Before dropped seed in furrow by hand – When oxen made furrows…… – Seeds automatically dropped inside Sumerians were…… Governing System • War period, priest chose military leaders – After war, military leader had to be normal • They stayed in power, claimed as king • Supported priest to stay in power – Took away many priest’s job Sumerian Social Classes Ruler, Top Officials, Wealthy person Farmers, Skilled workers Slaves 2334 B.C.-2193 B.C. AKKADIAN EMPIRE The First Empire Conflict • There was conflict in Sumerian City-States – There was Akkadia, north of Sumer • Different from Sumer Sargon • Became king of Sumerian City-State, Kush – His army conquered many City-States. – After having Empire, loyal Akkadian at high position – Ruled for 50 years • After his death, Akkadia fell, Zagros mountain warriors took away. Between Akkadia and Babylon…… • Ur! – 2100B.C. – Ur-Nammu law code • First law code ever known! – Rebellion ended Ur 1900 B.C. ~ 1600 B.C. OLD BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Old Babylon • Babylon, an unimportant land – Amorites took over Sumer including Babylon • Hammurabi conquered city states including Babylon • Made Babylon the center of Babylon An Eye Hammurabi’s Code for an •Eye Law code made during Hammurabi’s time • Many were same as Sumerian Period – Made it to make sure everyone was following the rule • 282 law written – Fallows “If……Punishment” • Introduced Rule of Law – Everyone must get punished; Strong people too! • Punishment of higher hitting lower is less than…… • Lower hitting higher • Hammurabi’s Code give us idea of Babylon’s life Babylon’s Life • Most people lived with farming • Cities people bought, sold goods • Used new technology to make tools 934 B.C.-612 B.C. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE Assyrians • Frequent war made Assyrians fierced Warriors • Had one of the world’s first calvary – Calvary is soldiers riding horse – Territory stretched from Persian Gulf to Egypt Governing • Divided into 70 Provinces • Assigned ruler for each – Rulers reported to the Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal • Assyrian Ruler • Nineveh as capital • Built library and filled with cuneiform tablet – About law, math, science, etc. – 20,000 survive today • After his death, civil war & New Empire arose 626 B.C.-539 B.C. NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE Nebuchadnezzar II • Conquered Jerusalem, destroyed temple • Had territory up to Egypt! • Spent money building things – e.g.) Great wall, temple, Hanging Garden Hanging Garden • There was well to bring water to the top Water fall to carry water from top to bottom Canal water from Euphrates River 539B.C.-331B.C. PERSIAN EMPIRE History • Ruled my Medes – Medes located from Iran to Zagros mountain – However, Cyrus the Great led Persia to conquer Medes! • Now Persia has an empire The Dream of Cyrus the Great • Cyrus the Great dreamed to build a larger empire – Conquered…… • Turkey • Kingdom of Lydia • India • But how did they conquer? Standing Army • Standing Army helped Persia conquer • Permanent army of professional soldiers • Made of 10,000 elite soldiers – They were called immortals Persian rule • Under Cyrus’s rule, Babylon became the wealthiest province • Cyrus treated his people well – Allowed Jewish to return and build their temple – However, Egypt was happy that Alexander freed them from Persia Cambyses II • Son of Cyrus – Conquered Egypt • Attacked Kush – Failed • Lack of food in desert • Many died before invading Darius the Great • Took power by force • Persia grew very large – Conquered…… • Indus Valley • War with Greece Thrace Conquered at first…… However, Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis Persia attacked Ionian city-states Ionian rebelled in 500 B.C. To help Ionians, Athens burned Sardis, Persian city Darius became angry, attacked Greece Persia had 20,000 soldiers Athens had 10,000 soldiers only Athens had no archers or cavalry However, Greek Phalanx raced across the plain Greeks won! According to legend, messenger ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce they won …… And died Made to remember the messenger who ran 26 miles Messenger ran 39km, but on 4th Olympic, hosted in London…… The Queen wanted to see the game, so the path between Queen’s palace to the Olympic Stadium, 42.195 km. Phalanx is foot soldiers who moved together They were citizen soldiers Had overlapping shield to each other Shield on left had, Spear or sword on right hand Well trained Phalanx could defend almost all force Xerex, Darius’s son, brought 100,000 soldiers Had Egyptian army and Phoenician navy Sparta tried to defend at Thermopylae Greek traitor showed another path, so Sparta died Now, Persia could attack Athens!! Athens moved to nearby island Athens was burnt Persian Ship-1.200/Athens-400 However……Result Themistocles had a trap! Greek ship hid at narrow strait When Persian came, Greek attacked Persians ships stuck! Persia lost 200 ships, Greeks lost 40 ships Back to Darius…… Government-1 • Local self-Government – Country divided into provinces • Assigned ruler for each • Rulers had good amount of freedom • Allowed to keep tradition Government-2 • Central control – Conquered people paid tribute • Amount set by wealth of people in the province Currency • Face of himself in gold coin • Persian payment for good • Unified economy by making it able to trade with another Zoroastrianism-1 • Most people believed in many gods • 600B.C. – Zoroaster taught that there is one god, Ahura Mazda – Also told that there is evil opponent • Became the official religion of Persian Empire Zoroastrianism-2 • Sacred Text-Avesta – Includes prayers, hymns, and other writings • Believes that universe is struggle between good and evil • Believes that people play important role playing in conflict • Believes in afterlife 1150 B.C.-146 B.C. PHOENICIANS History • Developed from earlier Canaanites • Egypt controlled from around 1500 B.C. • Phoenician city-state began to emerge in 1150 B.C., when Egyptian rule ended Government • Rulers were priest-kings – Shared power leading merchants, citizen assembly Geography • East, Lebanon Mountain • West Mediterranean coast – Had little land to farm Manufacturing • Weavers-rare purple dye from tiny sea snails – Sold in high price • Also produced pottery, glass, metal object • Trees-wood furnitures Trade • Few natural resources – Traded • Import: raw materials like gold, silver,tin,copper, ivory, precious stone • Export: bronze, silver bowls, iron tools, weapons, gold jewelry, cedar logs, wine, olive, oil, salt, fish, etc. • Trading Ship as much as 60 ft. Navigation • First to navigate using North Star • Had knowledge of wind patterns, ocean current Exploration • Explored unknown waters – North & Western Africa – Italian Peninsulas – Modern day Spain, Portugal – Britain • Explored to find precious metals Colonization • At first, used as trading station – Ship stopped to get water, food, etc. • Fertile land-settlement, became colony – 800s B.C. Assyrians attack! • Phoenicians arrived in colony safely Carthage • One of Phoenician Colony, became powerful – Challenged Rome! – Eventually, Carthage lost all 3 wars(146 B.C. when destroyed) • At last, Phoenician colony became part of Rome Legacy • Cultural Diffusion – Phoenician Culture Rome & Greek – Through Trade Alphabet Alphabet • Alphabet is developed by Phoenicians – Small set of letter standing for each sound – 22 symbols • Writing was easier – Only had to memorize 22 symbols! • Greeks adopted Phoenician Alphabet • Traders of Phoenicians learned Alphabet to communicate Greeks & Romans using Alphabet Greeks • 750 B.C., Greeks started using Alphabet • 500 B.C., Added vowels Romans • 100 B.C., adopted Greek Alphabet – Changed few letters • Looks like our Alphabet today Thank you!