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PROBLEMS AFFECTING POULTRY FARMS Classification according I. Aim of production Broilers Breeders Layers BROILERS 1. Mortalities (SGP, E. coli, Aspergillosis & omphalitis, ND, AI) (They affecting birds from 1-3 wks of age). 2. Respiratory problem (CCRD, IB). 3. Enteric problem (Coccidiosis). 4. Immuno-suppression (CIA, IBD & IBH). layers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Egg production (quantity & quality). Cage layer paralysis (fatigue). Internal parasites (Ascaridia & Cestodes). Immunosuppression. Mortalities (ND, FC). Enteritis. External parasites. Tumers. Breeders 1. Decrease egg production. 2. Fertility, hatchability & embryonic mortality. 3. Vertical diseases (SGP , E. coli, MG, AE, Adeno & ALC). 4. Arthritis. 5. Immuno-suppression. 6. Mortalities. 7. Enteritis (Colistridial infection) 8. Parasitism. 9. Tumers II. The cause Infectious •Bacterial •Viral •Mycotic •Parasitic Non-infectious Managemental •Temperature •Humidity •Ammonia •Ventilation •Water •Light Nutritional •Deficiency •Imbalance •Excess •Toxicity (mycotoxins & drugs) 1.Temperature (25°C). Infectious ND, IB & EDS 2.Humidity (80 ± 5%) 3.Light (16-17 hr) 4.Water 5. Nutrition a. Quantity b. Quality 6. Medication 7. Floor density. Bacterial Salmonellosis Mycoplasmosis IC Colibacillosis Pasteurellosis Parasitic Red mite Internal parasite Coccidiosis Viral AE MD ILT CELO TRT & SHS birds at the peak ►Thin or shell-less eggs (ND, IB, mycotoxins, Ca, p &/or vit. D def. or imbalance). ►Uneven calcification (EDS and ↑Ca). ►Very small size (ND, IB, EDS and ↓↓ protein). Watery albumin (IB). Blood or meat spots (mycotoxins). Fish odour (fish meal). Prevention and control ♣ ♣ ♣ Correction of management and environment. Mycotoxins: (prevention & control). Infectious causes: Viral : Usage of preventive vaccination programs (inactivated 3-4 wks before egg production as ND, IB, EDS & SHS). Bacterial: Antibiotics treatment acc. to sensitivity test. Use of competitive exclusives. Bacterins: e.g. FC & IC. Fertility, Hatchability and Embryonic mortality Accepted hatchability in LIGHT breeds is 90-92% while in HEAVY breads is 88%. Stages of Embryo development and related mortalities stage MR% Early Middle Late 0-4 day old 5-17 day old 18-21 day old Membrane (0-48hr) Blood ring (2-4Ds) 2-3% (high) Black eye (5-10Ds) Feather Development of all body organs. (11-17DS) 0.8-1% 3-4% (high) Low hatchability Embryonic mortalities Infertility Examine 1000 eggs (4 trays) from different hatchery sites not hatched Eggs hatched Cracked Intact 1-2% Pipped 2% in hatchery seeting or tansfere Clear 7-8% not 2% Good quality Count& sold Culled & count Embryonic deaths I- Early embryonic deaths (weak germ): Old males. Nutritional def. (vit. A, E and water soluble vitamins). Bad egg handling. Egg contamination. Improper prolonged condition in the setter (temp. & RH). Insufficient males. II- Late embryonic deaths 1. False egg position in setter (pointed end upward)→ mal-position of embryo→ head not directed to the air cell→ asphyxia. 2. Nutritional def. (vit. B complex) → mal-position. 3. ↑ temp &↓ RH →different head position →no air to the embryo. 4. Infection of the eggs from breeders or setter. How to deal with this problem? I- Flock problem (egg contamination or chronic nutritional def.) is difficult to be solved, but: Exclude cull males. Replace old males with youngs. Treat leg problems. Correct the ration. II- Machine problem (improper SETTING 1) 2) a) b) c) d) e) condition and contamination). Formalin fumigation {24 hr before egg setting, then good aeration}. Good egg handling: Rapid and daily collection of eggs [3 times /day]. Cleaning of slightly soiled eggs. Discard cracked and heavily soiled eggs. Nests should be under light. Sufficient bedding of the nest. Respiratory Disease Complex Economic importance: ► ► ► ► High mortalities. eg. ND, FC & AI. Medication costs. Drastic drop in egg production. eg. ND change in egg ext. and int. egg quality eg. ND & IB. ► Reduction in hatchability and fertility. eg. Mycoplasmosis. ► Inferior carcass quality eg. CCRD. Predisposing factors: A. Bad ventilation (ammonia & dust). B. Immuno-sppression. C. Living vaccines ( e.g spray) I. Clinico-pathological Upper • Sneezing, rhinitis, conjunctivitis & sinusitis e.g IC Lower • Coughing & rales e.g MG & ILT E.Coli MG IC ORT Chlamydiosis Salmonellosis ND IB ILT TRT&SHS QB AI REO POX Aspergillosis Syngamiasis Vit. A def. General signs: Sneezing, nasal discharge, gasping, coughing, rals, swelling of sinuses, conjunctivitis and facial odema. loss of body weight, mortalities and decrease in egg production. General post mortem lesions: ♦ Laryngitis, sinusitis, tracheitis (catarrhal to haemorrhagic). ♦ Lung congestion and pneumonia. ♦ Airsacculitis (catarrhal to fibrinous). Specific program for prevention of this complex. Application of preventive vaccinal program. Genetic selection of resistant breeds. Application of viable serological tests for detection of chronic carriers to prevent transmission of egg borne diseases (Salmonella rapid whole blood agglutination test, mycoplasma serum plate agglutination test ). Application of preventive vaccines. e.g. FC & IC Routine antibacterial and antimycoplasmal drugs. Egg treatment in mycoplasma infected eggs. Good preservation of feed stuff to avoid fungal growth. Adjust humidity and temp. to keep litter dry. Good balanced ration. In addition to: ☼ ☼ ☼ ☼ Avoid stress factors (ammonia, dust and ventilation). All in – all out. Avoid mechanical transmission. Thorough cleaning & disinfection Economic importance: ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ ◘ High mortality. e.g coccidiosis. Poor feed conversion & loss of weight. eg Enteroviruses infections. Down grading and rejected carcasses. eg Enteroviruses infections. Severe drop in egg production. eg ND. Lowering fertility and hatchability e.g salmonellosis Immuno-suppression →↑susceptibility to other infections Medication cost. Stress factors predispose for enteric diseases Malnutrition e.g. unbalanced ration or vitamin deficiency specially vit. A. Parasitism. Sudden change in the ration. Vaccination with living vaccines. Transportation. Chilling, air drafts or over heating. Classification acc. to the etiology Viral ND, AI and enteric viral infections (Reo, Adeno, Calici and Corona viruses). Bacterial Clostridial infections, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, tuberculosis, chlamydiosis and campylobacteriosis. Parasitic All internal parasites (helminthes and protozoa). Non infectious Vit A def.& mycotoxicosis. Clinico- pathological picture: * Diarrhea watery or mucoid, greenish, sulfer coloured, white or reddish coloured. Cattarrhal, heamorrhagic or even ulcerative enteritis. Preventive measures 1. 2. 3. Strict sanitary measures. Strong cleaning and disinfection. Strengthen the host position through: Selection of resistant breeds. Improved nutrition. Vaccination. Prophylactic therapy. Competitive exclusion & probiotic (in case of E. coli and salmonellosis), these compounds inhibit the growth of enteric organisms through competition on the attachment receptor sites or production of acids. 4. Feed decontamination (physically or chemically). In case of out break 1. Separate diseased from healthy birds. 2. All feed & water troughs should be thoroughly cleaned & disinfected. 3. Hygienic disposal of dead birds, droppings and litters of infected houses. 4. Prevent traffic of birds in & out the farm. 5. Antibiotic or anti-parasitic treatments. Economic importance: 1. Inability to stand → can not reach to food & water sites → loss of weight & drop in egg production. 2. High mortalities. 3. ↓ in fertility and hatchability in breeders. CAUSES I- Diseases affecting the joints 1. Bacterial Salmonellosis Paratyphoid Chronic FC Chronic E. coli MS Staph and strept Spiroketosis TB 2. Nutritional Ca, ph &/ or vit D def. or imbalance B complex Mineral def (Mn, Zn, ..etc) Articular gout Vit. A def. 4. Mycotoxins Aflatoxins Ochratoxins T2 toxins Fuserium 3. Viral Reo ALC (osteopetrosis) II- Diseases affecting. Nervous System CNS Peripheral nerves Bacterial Viral Nutritional Bacterial Viral Nutritional Paratyphoid ND AI AE Vit E def Botulism MD REV Vit B1 def Vit B2 def Vit E ND, AI, Chro FC I. Joints 1. Unilateal and/or bilateral, hot, painful and swelling oedematous joints (hook, toe, hip wings). 2. Lameness or inability to stand→ starvation, thirst & death. II. CNS Tremors, convulsions, incoardination, summersaulting, torticollis, opistotonus, rearing, move in circle, paresis and paralysis. B. Peripheral nerves Acc. To the affected nerve ( sciatic, brachial, cervical). REO, MS, FC, STAPH, SALM. ☻ Arthritis (swollen joints with erosion and necrosis of atricular cartilage). ☻ Presence of purulent or bloody exudate and sometimes chalky materials in the joint cavity. ☻ Uni or bilateral thickening of the nerves with loss of their cross striation. ☻ Congestion, haemorrhages and necrosis of the brain. Causes: Feed related factors 1.Mycotoxins. 2.Chronic nutritional defeciancy (Vit A, E, B complex and protein). 3.Chemicals (pesticides and antibiotics). MICROBIAL FACTORS COUSING IMMUNOSUPPRESION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IBD CIA MD ALC REV All these viruses cause perminant distruction of primary lymphoid organs { thymus & bursa} and consequantly affect on both cell mediated and humoral immune response. Microbial factors causing temprory immunosuppression Viral Adeno AI ND Bacterial Salmonella Fungal Mycoplasma Aspergilli Parasitic Cryptosporidi a Coccidia Enviromental Heat, cold, molting,RH, temp oIncreased susceptibility to infections. oVaccination failure. oPoor feed conversion & lower body weight. oDecrease egg production. oMortalities. 1. Genetic selection. 2. Biosecurity. 3. Passive immunization from dams to young or direct immune sera to young. 4. Recombinant or sub unit vaccines. 5. Using of immunostimmulators or potentiators. Immunostimmulators Thymic factor BCG Corynbacteria Fowl Pox Vit E&A Staph & Strep Organic acids Freund’s adjuv. Levamisol