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Components of the neural circuitry controlling fluid balance. The circuitry is shown in a stylized sagittal section through the rat brain. Information from baroreceptors in the circulatory system and from sensory receptors in the mouth, throat, and viscera is conveyed to the nucleus of the solitary tract and neighboring structures in the caudal brain stem through the glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagal (X) nerves (right side). The hormone angiotensin II (ANG II) provides the brain with an additional signal concerning low blood volume (left side). Circulating angiotensin II is sensed by receptors in the subfornical organ (SFO); SFO neurons project to and release angiotensin II in the median preoptic area (MePO), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and adjacent lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). High arterial pressure is detected by baroreceptors that Source: Homeostasis, Motivation, and Addictive States, Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Editon project to the caudal brain stem; when arterial pressure is too high, drinking is suppressed by an inhibitory input to the median preoptic area from the Citation: Kandel JH, TM, is Siegelbaum Hudspeth of Neural Fifth Editon; 2012 Available nucleus of the solitary tract. ER, TheSchwartz osmolality ofJessell the blood sensed bySA, receptors in AJ, andMack near S. thePrinciples OVLT that projectScience, to the median preoptic area and at: http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: April 29, 2017 paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The latter nucleus is positioned to integrate inputs concerning both blood volume and osmolality and is Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved believed to play a key role in triggering drinking. Neurosecretory cells in this nucleus (and in the supraoptic nucleus) trigger release of vasopressin from the neural lobe (NL) of the pituitary, thus decreasing urinary output. Input to the paraventricular nucleus from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) brings