Download Glia paragraph - University of Illinois Archives

ALREADY in sun31_10pm
There are substantial reasons to expect this astrtocyte plasticity to have
functional consequences. Glia modulate synaptic function in ways that range
from efficacy modulation (e.g., Araque et al., 1998; Smit et al., 2001) to the
apparent dissection of presynaptic from postsynaptic processes in synaptic
remodeling (e.g., Hatton, 1997; Meshul et al., 1987; Salm, 2000). Astrocytes can
conduct excitation via propagated Ca2+ waves (e.g., Araque et al., 1999; Dani et
al., 1992) which interact with neuronal activity (e.g., Rouach etal., 2000). Glial
cells take up and metabolize glutamate and GABA (e.g., Bezzi et al., 1999;
Schousboe et al., 1992) and have receptors for many neurotransmitters
norepinephrine (Shao & Sutin, 1992) and glutamate NMDA (Müller et al., 1993),
metabotropic (Shelton & McCarthy 1999) and Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors
(Müller et al., 1992). It seems likely that for an animal to learn and to remember,
there must be plastic changes in glia as well as neurons.
Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG (1998) Glutamate-dependent astrocyte
modulation of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons. Eur. J.
Neurosci. 10:2129-2142.
Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG (1999) Tripartate synapses: glia the
unacknowledged partner. TINS 22:208-215.
Bezzi P, Vesce S, Panzarasa P, Volterra A (1999) Astrocytes as active participants of
glutamatergic function and regulators of its homeostasis. Adv Exp Med Biol 468:6980
Dani JW, Chernjavsky A, Smith SJ (1992) Neuronal activity triggers calcium waves in
hippocampal astrocyte networks. Neuron 8:429-440.
Hatton GI (1997) Function-related plasticity in hypothalamus. Annu Rev Neurosci
20:375-97.
Meshul CK, Seil FJ, Herndon RM (1987) Astrocytes play a role in regulation of synaptic
density. Brain Res 402:139-145
Müller C, Grosche J, Ohlemeyer C, Kettenmann H (1993) NMDA-activated currents in
Bergmann glial cells. NeuroReport 4:671-674.
Müller CM (1992) A role for glial cells in activity-dependent central nervous plasticity?
Review and hypothesis. Int Rev Neurobiol 34:215-281.
Rouach N, Glowinski J, Giaume C (2000) Activity-dependent neuronal control of gapjunctional communication in astrocytes J Cell Biol 2000 149:1513-1526
Salm AK (2000) Mechanisms of glial retraction in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial
system of the rat. Exp Physiol 85 Spec No:197S-202S
Schousboe A, Westergaard N, Sonnewald U, Petersen SB, Yu ACH, Hertz L Regulatory
role of astrocytes for neuronal biosynthesis and homeostasis of glutamate and GABA.
In: Progr in Brain Res, Vol. 94. ACH Yu, L Hertz, MD Norenberg, E Sykova and SG
Waxman, eds. Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, pp. 119-136, 1992.
Shao Y, Sutin J (1992) Expression of adrenergic receptors in individual astrocytes and
motor neurons isolated from the adult rat brain. Glia 6:108-117.
Shelton MK, McCarthy KD (1999) Mature hippocampal astrocytes exhibit functional
metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors in situ. Glia 26:1-11.
Smit AB, Syed NI, Schaap D,van Minnen J, Klumpermank J, Kits KS, Lodder H,van der
Schors RC,van Elk R, Sorgedrager B, Brejc K, Sixma TK, Geraerts WPM (2001) A
glia-derived acetylcholine-binding protein that modulates synaptic transmission.
Nature 411:261-268.