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Grammar Review Quarter Basic Sentence Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Direct/Indirect Objects Prepositions One Definition: Nouns is a person, place, thing or idea. Examples: friend, aunt, brother, house, restaurant, button, pants, honesty, creativity Functions: subject, predicate nominative or noun, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition Categories of nouns: concrete, abstract, common, proper, compound, plural, possessive, and collective Nouns Concrete Nouns Definition: name things that one might be able to touch or see such as grass, floors, or ceiling. Abstract nouns Definition: name things that are intangible. Examples: honesty, philosophy, evil, and freedom. Nouns Compound Nouns Definitions: two words that have been joined to form a new word. Examples: backbone, fingernail, ice cream, six-year-old Plural Nouns Definitions: show that there is more than one of something such as dogs, walls, or tables. Generally, the plural of a noun is formed by just adding s. Other nouns form the plural by changing the word; these are irregular plurals. Examples are children, boxes, and alumni Nouns Possessive Nouns Definition: nouns that show ownership Usually they precede the item which is being owned Examples: Bill’s farm, the dog’s collar, or Katie’s room. Ending: just an apostrophe and an s. Nouns that end in s form possessives with just an apostrophe. Examples: Hendricks’ house or Jess’ toys Other nouns have irregular plurals; there are no rules for these. Examples: The plural of child is children; the plural of goose is geese, and the plural of cactus is cacti. Collective Nouns Definition: nouns appear to be singular but actually refer to a group. Examples: staff, class, herd, flock Collective nouns require a singular verb when the group acts as a whole. Examples: The staff are holding a meeting at 3pm. The flock eat at 6am every day. The class will be meeting after lunch today. Collective nouns require a plural verb when the members of the group are acting individually. Examples: The jury are still deliberating. The flock eats a variety of foods at 6am every day. Pronouns Definition: a word that takes the place of a noun or a group of nouns Types: Singular Subject,Plural Subject, Singular Object, Plural Object Singular Subject Plural Subject Singular Object Plural Object I, we me us you you you you he, she, it they him, her, it them Definition: Verbs a word that describes the action of the subject(s) in a complete sentence The tense of a verb tells WHEN an action takes place. Types Present tense is happening NOW or happens regularly. Past tense has already happened. Future tense will take place in the future. Definition: Adjectives modifies a noun or a pronoun. Examples: green, old, funny, large, awesome, first Functions: modifier; predicate adjective Categories of adjectives: predicate adjective, proper adjectives, definite, indefinite, numerical, positive, comparative, superlative Questions that Adjectives answer in sentences Which? Which one? What kind? How many? Whose? Definition: Proper Adjectives are proper nouns used to describe or an adjective that is derived from a proper noun. Examples: Let’s have a June wedding. (the proper noun June is used to describe the wedding) Here is a Grecian urn from around 324 AD. (the proper adjective Grecian is derived from the proper noun Greek and describes the urn) Definitive Adjectives Definitive Adjectives Sample Sentences Definite That, those, this, these, the That book is really heavy. These apples will rot soon. Indefinite A, An, Any, some, which, what, many, much, either Either door leads to the hallway. Which book do you need? Do I have any volunteers? Numerical Cardinal numbers such as one, six, or 50 I bought six juice boxes yesterday. Would you give me 92 toothpicks? Ordinal numbers such as first, last, or sixteenth May I go first? Your project was the sixteenth to be submitted. Adjectives Articles -most commonly used adjectives are a, an, and the. A and an are indefinite articles because they do not point out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. The is a definite article because it points out a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Predicate Adjectives Adjectives Definition: describe the subject of a sentence because they follow a linking verb. Examples His hair is messy. (messy links back to hair) My last report card was ugly! (ugly links back to card) Your new car is awesome. (awesome links back to car) Noun Adjectives Used As Adjectives Some nouns, possessive nouns, and pronouns may also be used as adjectives. Examples She is a history professor. (history is a noun functioning as an adjective because it tells what kind of professor she is) Alyson’s house is just around the corner. (Alyson’s is a possessive noun that describes house) Her dog just bit me! (her is a possessive pronoun functioning as an adjective that tells whose dog did the biting) Direct Objects Definition: follows an action verb and receives the action of the verb. Nouns or pronouns function as direct objects. Asks yourself What is receiving the action of the verb? Examples: D.O. She wrote a journal entry about a current event. D.O. The dog carried the newspaper to the house. D.O. I love him! D.O. D.O. Clean your room! Definition: Indirect Objects is the person or object to whom or for whom the action of the verb has been completed. Most often, the IO is a person or living thing. Rarely do you see a sentence with an IO that does not have a DO. Ask yourself Who/Whom is receiving the action in the sentence? Examples: I.O She gave him a note. I.O My aunt knitted me a sweater. I.O I.O The boss bought my colleague and me lunch. Definition: Prepositions expresses the relationship between a noun and a pronoun and another word in a sentence. Functions: alone or at the beginning of a prepositional phrase. A preposition is a word that expresses the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Without prepositions, we could not express where one item was in relationship to another. Examples: over, under, to, before, behind, within Definition: Prepositional Phrase composed of a preposition and the object of the preposition. It may also contain a modifier for the object of the preposition. Components of a Prepositional Phrase Preposition (always first) Modifier (optional) Object of the Preposition (a noun or pronoun; always ends the phrase) Prepositional Phrase Examples: Prepositional Phrase Preposition Modifier (optional) Object Of The Preposition In the morning In the morning Into a long passageway Into a long passageway For you For Outside of my window Outside of you my window Prepositional Phrase Functions: They may function as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns. They may also function as adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives or adverbs. They may function as nouns to be subjects or predicate nominatives. Prepositional Phrases Examples: Under my bed is filthy! (under my bed functions as the subject of the sentence) The best time to call is between six and ten. (between six and ten functions as the predicate nominative to rename time) Prepositional Phrases Examples: The music on my iPod is diverse. On my iPod is the PP functioning as an adjective modifying music (which?) I play my iPod in my car, at home, and on the end of the pier. In my car, at home, and on the end are PPs functioning as adverbs that modify the verb play (where?); of the pier is a PP functioning as an adjective modifying the noun end (which?)