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TAV Chapter 21 America and WW II Converting the Economy • Cost-plus • Car manufacturers • Liberty Ships – 244 to 41 Building an Army • Peace-time draft was passed in Sept of 1940. • 60,000 men enlisted in the first few months following Pearl Harbor • GI • Segregation • Double V Campaign • WAC- Women’s Army Corps Minorities • Tuskegee Airmen – 332 Fighter Group – 761ST Tank Battalion • Japanese Americans fought in Germany • American Indians served in the Pacific theater Chapter 21 Section 2 THE EARLY BATTLES Philippines • The Philippines were attacked a few hours after the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor • 2 days later Japanese troops landed troops • Douglas MacArthur was ordered out of the Philippines. – “I shall return.” Bataan • April 9, 1942 American and Filipino troops surrendered to the Japanese • 78,000 men were forced to march 65 miles – Bataan Death March – 10,000 died during the march Corregidor • A small force was able to hold out until May 1942 before surrendering to the Japanese Doolittle Raid • April 18, 1942, Jimmy Doolittle led a bombing raid on Tokyo – 16 B25’s flew out from the USS Hornet to attack Japan Two Attacks • Instead of just going after New Guinea and Australia Japan also went after Midway • March 1942, Chester Nimitz sent the Yorktown and Lexington to hit the Japanese in the Coral Sea. They meet up in May. • Lexington sank • Yorktown badly damaged – Saved New Guinea Battle of Midway • June 4, 1942, the Japanese attack on Midway began. • While Japanese planes were refueling a counterattack by the US caught the Japanese off guard. • 4 carriers were all sank and the remaining Japanese ships retreated. • This was the turning point in the Pacific just 6 months after Pearl Harbor North Africa • General Erwin Rommel – Desert Fox – Commander of the Afrika Korps • German troops were pushed back by US and British troops • Kasserine Pass the US lost 7,000 troops to German forces • Eisenhower put Patton in charge of US troops • May 13, 1943, German troops surrender Chapter 21 Section 3 LIFE ON THE HOME FRONT Women • Rosie the Riveter • War effort A. Phillip Randolph • June 25, 1941, FDR issued Executive Order 8802 – End discrimination in the defense industry Bracero Program • 200,000 Mexicans to help with harvesting Japanese American Relocation • Fear of sabotage caused FDR to sign an executive order that moved people of Japanese ancestry to 10 internment camps. – Feb. 1942 • Korematsu v. US – Constitutional – Ex parte Endo • Spring of 1945 loyal citizens were released • 1988, Reagan granted $20,000.00 to survivors Efforts to Win • Rationing – Gas – Sugar – Meat – Clothes and shoes • Victory Gardens • Scrap Drives • War Bonds Chapter 21 Section 4 PUSHING BACK THE AXIS Liberation • After the fall of North Africa then the landing on Sicily July 10, 1943. • Sicily opened the door for King Victor Emmanuel to arrest Mussolini on July 25th. • German troops took over N. Italy to continue fighting and return Mussolini to power. Operation Overlord • D-Day June 6, 1944 • Germans expected Calais to be the landing site for the invasion. • Instead Normandy was the landing site. • US troops landed on Utah and Omaha beaches • Gen Omar Bradley landed at Omaha which was strongly defended Operation Overlord • Additionally paratroopers and gliders were dropped in during the early morning hours before the landing. • Hedge rows proved difficult for soldiers as they encountered the enemy • Many troops missed their landing zones Island Hopping • The plan was to push back the Japanese from the various islands throughout the Pacific so eventually the US could launch air attacks on mainland Japan. Battle of Leyte Gulf • Largest naval battle in history • Use of kamikaze attacks Chapter 21 Section 5 THE WAR ENDS Battle of the Bulge • • • • • Germany began the attack on Dec. 16, 1944 Try to cut off the Allied supply port at Antwerp 101st was completely surrounded Gen. McAuliffe- “NUTS” By January 8, 1945 the Germans began to withdraw after losing 100,000 men Eastern Front • By Feb. 1945, the Soviets had pushed the Germans back to within 35 miles of Berlin. The End • With Soviet troops closing in on Berlin and the US coming closer from the west Hitler takes his life on April 30, 1945. • On May 7th Germany accepted Unconditional Surrender • May 8th was declared V-E Day Iwo Jima • Needed as a location for bombers to refuel • Feb. 19, 1945, 60,000 Marines landed on the island • 38 days and 6,800 lives later the island was secured Okinawa • • • • April 1, 1945 Marines invaded the island 350 miles from Japan Secured June 22, 1945 12,000 casualties Manhattan Project • Leo Szilard first thought splitting an atom would release large amounts of energy • Drafted a letter to FDR signed by Einstein • Gen Leslie R. Groves headed the Manhattan Project UN • April 25, 1945, 50 countries sent delegates to San Francisco to organize the UN University of Chicago • Szilard and Enrico Fermi built a nuclear reactor -first controlled self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction took place on Dec. 2, 1942 Los Alamos, New Mexico • J. Robert Oppenheimer worked with Groves to create the first atomic bomb • July 16, 1945 Hiroshima • August 6, 1945 • B-29 bomber the Enola Gay dropped the Little Boy on Hiroshima • 80,000 to 120,000 people died instantly • Paul Tibbets August 9, 1945 • Soviet Union declared war on Japan • Bockscar dropped Fat Man on Nagasaki killing between 35,000 to 74,000 people • Charles Sweeney • Kokura V-J Day • August 15, 1945 Japan surrendered Nuremberg Trials • 22 Nazi leaders were prosecuted • 12 sentenced to death