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Causes of WWII include: •Dissatisfaction with the terms of the Versailles Treaty •Fascist aggression •German expansion in Europe •Japanese expansion in the pacific •Nationalism and racism The Two Sides: •The main Axis Powers were Germany, Italy, and Japan. •The Allies included Britain, Russia, China, United States (in 1941), and about 40 other countries. Resistance forces in areas occupied by Hitler also aided the Allies (For example, the “Free French,” or the French government in exile during the Nazi occupation of France.) FDR Gen. Eisenhower Winston Churchill Hitler Erwin Rommel Gen. MacArthur Stalin Charles De Gaulle Hirohito Mussolini and Hitler Timeline of WWII (1939-1945) 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria (by 1937, Japan had control of much of east and south China) 1935 – Mussolini invades Ethiopia 1936 – Hitler and Mussolini form the Rome-Berlin Axis 1938 – Hitler invades Czechoslovakia August 1939 – Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact Sept. 1, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland; the European policy of appeasement ends; Britain and France declare war on Germany two days after the invasion May 1940 – Miracle of Dunkirk June 1940 – France falls to the Nazis September 1940 – Japan joins the Rome-Berlin Axis; the Triple Axis is formed October 1940 – Italian forces invade Greece June 1941- Germany invades the Soviet Union The Nanking (Nanjing) Massacre The Japanese were infuriated by the strength of Chinese resistance to their invasion, and when China's Nationalist capital Nanking fell in December 1937, Japanese troops summarily executed thousands of Chinese soldiers who had surrendered to them. Japanese troops were then encouraged by their officers to loot the city and slaughter Chinese civilians. Independent foreign observers of the Nanking (Nanjing) Massacre, including a German businessman and Nazi Party member named John Rabe, were appalled to see Chinese civilians, both men and women, elderly and children, put to death by Japanese troops with horrifying brutality. As if to make a point, foreigners were invited by Japanese troops to witness mass executions of Chinese prisoners of war. On May 10, 1940, Germany attacked Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg and France. Twelve fighter squadrons of Royal Air Force were based in France, the only truly modern fighter forces available to the Allies. The RAF bomber Squadrons were halted by German anti-aircraft and fighter units in their attempts to slow the German advance. When it became clear that the Allies could not stop the Germans, all but three of the Squadrons were called back across the English Channel. The German advance pushed the Allied armies to the sea to a French port called Dunkirk. During what some people called a miracle, 800 small boats managed to lift most of the men off the beaches and back to England. The RAF were successful in keeping the majority of German bombers and fighters away, shooting down 150 aircraft. However, they lost 100 planes and 80 irreplaceable pilots. Timeline of WWII (continued) July 1941 – The U.S. stops selling oil to Japan, reducing their oil supply by 90% December 7, 1941 – Japan attacks the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; the U.S. enters the war May 1942 – Japan takes control of the Philippines; thousands of prisoners of war die in the Bataan Death March June 1942 – The Battle of Midway; Japanese naval superiority in the Pacific ends August 1942 to Feb. 1943 - The Battle of Stalingrad November 1942 – Allied landings in North Africa June 6, 1944 – D-Day; a new front is opened in France Dec. 16, 1944 – The Battle of the Bulge begins February 1945 – The “Big Three” discuss the post-war world at the historic Yalta Conference Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto General Hideki Tojo The huge Japanese battleship Yamato at 71,659 tons dwarfed all other warships of its time. The Bataan Death March began on April 9, 1942 when 70,000 Filipino and American troops surrendered to Japanese troops on the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines. General MacArthur and his troops were overrun so they retreated; however, tens of thousand of troops were left behind. General Homma, the leader of the Japanese forces, commanded the U.S. and Filipino troops to march to a P.O.W. camp 100 km north. Those who fell behind during the march were killed. About 54,000 reached Camp O'Donnell. Some were able to escape, but 10,000 died at the camp. On June 6, 1942 the Filipino prisoners were granted amnesty and were allowed to leave. The American prisoners were then moved to another camp. After WWII was over General Homma was tried and convicted in Los Angeles, California. His appeal was denied and he was moved to Manila where he was executed by firing squad. D-Day Photos Battle of Iwo Jima In February 1945 Casualties: American dead 6,821 20,000 Japanese defenders died Mt. Suribachi April 1945 – FDR dies and Harry Truman becomes president May 8-9, 1945 – V-E day celebrated in Allied countries August 6, 1945 – “Little Boy” is dropped on Hiroshima; between 80-100 thousand people are killed August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki; between 60-75 thousand people are killed August 14, 1945 – Japan surrenders September 2, 1945 – V-J Day America Celebrates the Japanese surrender Begins… Cuban Missile Crisis ICBMs Gorbachev and Reagan Tiananmen Square Protest Vietnam Germany Divided Germany was partitioned soon after World War II ended into two separate parts: West Germany and East Germany. After the war, the western part of Germany was occupied and controlled by U.S., British, and French forces. Eventually, West Germany was set up as an independent, democratic nation with its own government. The eastern part of Germany was occupied by the Soviet Union at the end of the war. It remained under their control when Germany was officially divided. The Soviet Union never allowed East Germany to form an independent or democratic government. Berlin, the capital of Germany, was divided into West Berlin (part of the West German government) and East Berlin (part of the East German government.) In 1961 East Germany built a solid fence across the city of Berlin. Communist leaders of East Germany wanted to stop people from East Berlin (the communist side) who wanted to escape to West Berlin (the free side). This fence became known as the Berlin Wall. The photo shows people in West Berlin, looking across the barrier into East Berlin. East German soldiers were ordered to shoot anyone attempting to cross the wall. The wall was rebuilt over time with tall sections of concrete, shown below. The Berlin Wall became a very visible symbol of the tension and divisions of the Cold War era. Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the U.S.S.R. who began the reforms and changes of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980’s. As glasnost and perestroika began to change the U.S.S.R., people were emboldened to defy the old system. The wall came down in 1989, and Germany was reunited in 1990.