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1 Index Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerves Respiratory organs Trachea or windpipe Bronchial tubes Lungs Excretory organs Kidneys Urinary bladder Digestive organs Oesophagus Stomach Intestine ( small and large ) Locomotory system Bones in general Others Skull Ribcage Spinal column Muscles Circulatory system Heart Arteries and Veins Blood Liver Gall bladder Skin 2 Bibliography Biology book ( Bau und Funktionen unseres Körpers ) Sheets distributed from the secondary school Sheets distributed from the grammar school Pictures Google pictures 3 Nervous system Brain The brain is the most important and developed central of the nervous system. The brain demands a lot of oxygen and has to be supplied with blood. It is the controlling headquarter of the body. The brain coordinates body functions and tells muscles when they have to contract. It also allows humans to think. Spinal cord The spinal cord is embedded in the spinal column. It is also a part of the controlling headquarter of the body. The spinal cord coordinates the body functions and tells muscles when they have to contract. Nerves They convey signals. Sensitive nerves bring the information from the body surface and from the sensory organs to the brain and to the spinal cord. These two centres process the received messages and release commands. The motor nerves conduct the order signals to the muscles and to the glands. They bring the information from the sensory organs to the brain (afferent nerves ) and commands from the brain to the muscles ( efferent nervers ). Respiratory organs Trachea or windpipe The trachea or wind pipe is twelve centimeter long. Inside it is undressed with a mucous layer. The mucosa cells have cilias. The cilias beat constantly against the pharynx. The cilias convey outwards little impurities. This pipe brings inhalated air from the outside to the lungs and exhalated air CO2 out of the lungs. Bronchial tubes At the hight of the fourt throracis vertebra the windpipe is separated in two branches ( stem bronchi ). Each stem of bronchi lead into one of the lungs. The bronchi ramify and separates into branches. The bronchial tubes are the two branches which together form the trachea and connect it with the right and the left lung. 4 Lungs The oxygen hikes from the breathing air into the blood and the carbon dioxide hikes from the blood into the alveoles. The lungs perform the gas exchange between the blood and the inhalaited air: Oxygen is taken up into the blood and carbon dioxide is delivered from the blood into the air. Excretory organs Kidneys They are surrounded by a fatty layer. The kidney excretes waste material. Before the excretion the waste material has to be filtered and transfered into urine. Urinary bladder The urinary bladder collects urine, which is produced by the reins, in the urinary bladder. Urine is excreted from the body. This means a human needs to urinate. Digestive organs Oesophagus The oesophagus is a muscular tube with longitudal creases on the inside. It lies behind the windpipe, breaks through the diaphragm and leads to the stomach. The oesophagus brings the food into the stomach. Stomach It lays on the left side of the body below the diaphragm. The stomach has an entrance ( stomach mouth ) and an exit ( pylorus ). The stomach holds two liters stomach pulp. The smooth musculature of the stomach wall contracts like waves and kneads the stomach pulp. The gastric acid kills with the food penetrated bacteria. The stomach is the first station of food digestion. Intestine ( small and large ) In this organ, food is dissassembled to its building blocks ( = digestion ) and then taken up into the blood ( resorption ). 5 Locomotory system Bones in general The bones prop the body and enable its posture. They give the body its shape and are starting points for the muscles. The bones protect important organs. Others Skull The skull protects the most important central of the nervous system. It protects the brain. Ribcage The ribcage protects important organs like heart, lungs, liver and spleen. Spinal column The spinal column protects the spinal cord. Muscles The muscles allows active movements. Circulatory system Heart The heart lies protected under the costals and the sternal. Two thirds lie on the left side and one third lies on the right side of the body. The heart is embedded in a bag with lubricating fluid. The heart is a muscle with four hollows. The left and the right heart chambers are thick-walled and perfom most of the work. The two atria present a thin wall. Sail flaps prevent the back flow of the blood. The sail flaps are between the atria and the heart chambers. The pocket flaps prevent that the blood beats back from the arteries. The muscle relaxes ( diastole ) and the cavity fills with blood. The muscle contracts ( systole ) and presses out the blood. The heart pumps the blood through the blood vessels. 6 Arteries The thicked-walled arteries carry away the blood from the heart to the organs. It flows intermittently. The thick walls are reinforced by elastic fibres and smooth muscles. The fibres and the muscles help moving forward the blood. Veins The thined-walled veins transport the blood from the organs back to the heart. The blood flows evenly. Valves prevent that the blood beats back. If arteries and muscles press on the vein wall, they help moving forward the blood. Blood Blood is the most important transportation of our body. It brings nutrients and oxygen to all cells of our body. The blood brings waste material from the cells to the excretory organs. Heat is also transported by the blood. The blood is the transportation of hormones. Liver The liver stores excess blood sugar in form of glycogen. The cyglogen is available for the body at a high demand of the nutrients. The liver detoxicates the body from alcohol, aspirine or caffeine. Nicotine, alcohol and other toxins are rended harmless. The liver is a blood reservoir. It breaks down red blood cells. Gall bladder Collects the bile ( yellowish fluid ) which is produced by the liver and helps digestion. Skin The skin protects the body against dehydration, injuries, sunbeams, coldness and heat. The skin is a sensory organ and is the body’s protective cover. The skin consists of three layers: Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis 7