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The World Between the Wars Notes Leading up to World War II After WWI, the world wide economic collapse led to the rise of several anti-democratic governments in Europe. • Germany: ________________________________________________________________ of the Weimar Republic led to the rise of Nazism Totalitarianism Characteristics of Totalitarianism • Single-party dictatorship and absolute rule • Glorified the state and military What all does the state control in totalitarianism? • • • • • Use of police, spies & terror Strict censorship & control of the media (rise of radio) Unquestioned loyalty & obedience to a single leader Schools & media used for propaganda (censorship) Targeting of national minorities & political opponents How does the government control their people in totalitarianism? Germany • Adolf Hitler believed that Germans belonged to an Aryan Race that was superior to all other races and nationalities. What is Mein Kampf? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ • He believed Germany was capable of building a great civilization and becoming a great power Lebensraum: (living space) Needed more land to support a larger population • Hitler, was a charismatic dictator who controlled much of the mass media, characterizing German society as a totalitarian state The government controls most aspects of citizens’ lives After WWI, what did Hitler want to change in the Treaty of Versailles? All direct violations of the Treaty __________________________________________________________ condemned Germany’s actions but no steps were taken to stop them. • Appeasement The belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe • Hitler annexed _______________________ in March 1938 • Demanded that Germany be given the Sudetenland An area in northwestern Czechoslovakia • ______________________ Conference British, French, German, and Italian representatives met Hitler’s demands Appeasement • Hitler began to demand Polish port of Danzig • What did the Western states finally do? ______________________________________________________ • Great Britain offered to protect Poland in the event of war • G.B. and France began political and military negotiations with Joseph Stalin (Soviet dictator) to help contain Nazi aggression • Benito Mussolini Fascist leader in Italy welcomes Hitler’s support • • What is Fascism? • • • • • • • Rome-Berlin Axis Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact promising a common front against communism Soviets upset they were not invited to the Munich Conference. What did they promise in the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939? ________________________________________ When does Germany invade Poland? ______________________________________________ Two days later, Great Britain and France declare war on Germany Hitler stunned Europe with speed and efficiency of the German attack on Poland Blitzkrieg: Lightening war By invading Poland, this was the spark that began WWII Attacked Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France French and British forces were taken by surprise when Germans went around the Maginot Line trapping French troops and British army on the beaches of Dunkirk Germany on the move… • September 1, 1939 Poland invaded • April 9, 1940 Denmark & Norway invaded May 10, 1940 Holland, Belgium & France invaded • May 14, 1940 Holland Surrenders • May 28, 1940 Belgium Surrenders • June 10, 1940 Norway Surrenders Then… • What happened on June 22, 1940 and what is the significance of this event? • France signed armistice on June 22 • German armies now occupied 3/5 of France Authoritarian regime under German control Known as Vichy France • Hitler invaded Britain through an air attack • British effective radar system gave early warning of German attacks • Hitler postponed the invasion of Britain indefinitely • Battle of Britain Showed Germans could be defeated Policy of Isolationism • During 1940 & 1941 the US stayed out of the war in Europe • BUT did supply the Allies with weapons as part of the __________________________________. • Roosevelt also signed the ______________________________________ with Churchill and pledged to destroy Nazi tyranny. • The neutrality acts of the 1930s prevented the United States from taking sides or becoming involved in any European wars Why did President Roosevelt want the Neutrality Acts Repealed? • • • • • Were gradually relaxed and the United States supplied food, ships, planes, and weapons to Britain Hitler believed the Soviet Union had a pitiful army and could be defeated quickly Invasion of Soviet Union was scheduled for spring of 1941 but attack was delayed Invaded June 1941 German troops advanced rapidly however, a harsh early winter (which they were unprepared for) and fierce resistance halted the invasion and devastated German forces Partners in War • 3 Major Allies: Great Britain (_________________), U.S. (_________________) and Soviet Union (____________) agreed to fight until the Axis Powers, Germany (___________), Italy (______________________), and Japan (__________) surrendered unconditionally Africa • In North Africa, German forces under ______________________________________ broke through the British defenses in Egypt • Spring of 1942 captured entire Crimea • British forces had stopped Rommel’s troops and pushed Germans back • British and U.S. forces invaded French North Africa and forced German and Italian troops to surrender Europe When was D-Day and what was it? Germans thought ____________________________________________________________________________ enabled the Allied forces to set up a beachhead Within 3 months, 2 million men and ½ million vehicles landed • Allies pushed inland and broke through German lines • Allies liberated Paris by end of August • March 1945, they crossed the Rhine River into Germany • April 1945 linked up with the Soviets • Soviets began to advance westward • Where did Hitler go during the final stages of the war? What was his fate? • • May 7, 1945 German commanders surrendered Hitler’s goal is a ___________________________. Holocaust • Hitler believed on one side were the __________________, creators of the human cultural development, and on the other the Jews, who were trying to destroy the Aryans • Final Solution: ___________________________________________________________________. • Kristallnacht: the night of broken glass • Reinhard Heydrich created special strike forces to carry out Nazi plans. • Ordered the round of Polish Jews into ghettos _______________________________________________________ Starving of residents • 1941 new job of mobile killing units Round up Jews in their villages, execute them and bury them in mass graves • Around how many Jews were killed by these forces? __________________________________ Was too slow by Nazi standards 1942, Jews from countries occupied by Germany were rounded up, packed into freight trains, and shipped to Poland. • Six extermination camps Auschwitz Triblinka Chelmno Sobiro Belzec Majdanek What percentage were sent to labor camps? _________% What percentage was sent to gas chambers? _________% • • • • • • • Even in facing defeat, the Final Solution had priority in using railroads cars to ship Jews to death camps Killed 6 million Jews Responsible for the death of nearly 2 out of every 3 European Jews Also responsible for the deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at lest 9-10 million non-Jewish people Most Nazi concentration and extermination camps were located in Germany and Poland What is the Holocaust defined as? Japan • 1931 Japan seize Manchuria • Withdrew from the League of Nations • They were interested in the raw materials found in S.E. Asia to fuel its military machine Reason to create an empire on the Asian mainland • Demanded to exploit economic resources in French Indochina What was the United States reaction to Japan’s demands? ______________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Hirohito: reigned from 1926-1989 • Japanese had conquered S.E. Asia under the slogan “Asia for the Asiatics” • Promised people local governments would be established under Japanese control • Economic resources were used for the benefit of the Japanese war marching • Native people recruited to serve local military • Japan military forces often had little respect for the lives of their subject peoples What happened on December 7, 1941? Also, launched assaults on the Philippines, and advancing on Malaya Spring of 1942 almost all of S.E. Asia and the Western Pacific had fallen into Japanese hands Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere • • What did Japanese leaders hope would happen after the attack on American bases? What did it ACTUALLY do? • U.S. now joined with European nations and Nationalist China in a combined effort to defeat Japan The Allied Home front • Civilians join in the war effort by: _____________________________ Working in war industries _____________________________ • During World War II, women: Worked in _____________________________ Redefined traditional patterns for women’s lives. Established themselves as a ____________________________________. Participated in the war effort. Defined a new role in society. • Battle of _______________________: American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance and saved Australia from invasion • Battle of _______________________: U.S. planes destroyed four attacking Japanese aircraft carriers and defeated Japanese navy, establishing naval superiority in the Pacific • General Douglas MacArthur led allied forces in Asia • In 1945, the Japanese navy had plans to attack the Panama Canal using a specially built submarine capable of launching a plane against a target. The canal was a center of world trade and traffic for Allied forces. However, the war ended prior to the attack. • Who became President of the U.S. after Roosevelt died in April? __________________________ • Wanted to avoid a land invasion of Japan, convinced American troops would suffer heavy causalities • What did the United States decided to use? __________________________________ Albert Einstein and the Manhattan Project 1st bomb dropped on ___________________________ on Aug 6 2nd bomb dropped 3 days later on ____________________________ • V-J day: Japan surrendered on August 14 • WWII was finally over • By establishing international organizations, nations acted to reduce the possibility of future wars WWI: League of Nations WII: _______________________________ • European nations liberated by the United States benefited from American occupations in that liberated nations were able to re-establish and strengthen democracy Yalta Conference When did the Yalta Conference take place? Who attended the conference? What was the purpose of the conference? Conferenced near Yalta in Crimea Aftermath • “Discovery” of the Holocaust • Nuremburg War Crimes Trials • Allied Occupation of Germany • Beginning of Cold War • Marshall Plan to re-build Europe • Berlin Airlift & Arms Race From World War to Cold War Allied Occupation of Germany United Nations • Organization to ___________________ • Eventually takes on many other world problems: preventing the outbreak of disease, improving education, ______________________________________________, and aiding nations to develop economically The Cold War • Capitalism vs. Communism • The “iron curtain”