Download The World Between the Wars Notes

The World Between the Wars Notes
Leading up to World War II
 After WWI, the world wide economic collapse led to the rise of several anti-democratic
governments in Europe.
• Germany: ________________________________________________________________ of the Weimar
Republic led to the rise of Nazism
Totalitarianism
Characteristics of Totalitarianism
• Single-party dictatorship and absolute rule
• Glorified the state and military
What all does the state control in totalitarianism?
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Use of police, spies & terror
Strict censorship & control of the media (rise of radio)
Unquestioned loyalty & obedience to a single leader
Schools & media used for propaganda (censorship)
Targeting of national minorities & political opponents
How does the government control their people in totalitarianism?
Germany
• Adolf Hitler believed that Germans belonged to an Aryan Race that was superior to all
other races and nationalities.
What is Mein Kampf? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
• He believed Germany was capable of building a great civilization and becoming a great
power
Lebensraum: (living space) Needed more land to support a larger population
• Hitler, was a charismatic dictator who controlled much of the mass media,
characterizing German society as a totalitarian state
The government controls most aspects of citizens’ lives
After WWI, what did Hitler want to change in the Treaty of Versailles?
All direct violations of the Treaty
__________________________________________________________ condemned Germany’s actions but
no steps were taken to stop them.
• Appeasement
The belief that if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied
powers, the dissatisfied powers would be content, and stability and peace would be
achieved in Europe
• Hitler annexed _______________________ in March 1938
• Demanded that Germany be given the Sudetenland
An area in northwestern Czechoslovakia
• ______________________ Conference
British, French, German, and Italian representatives met Hitler’s demands
Appeasement
• Hitler began to demand Polish port of Danzig
• What did the Western states finally do? ______________________________________________________
• Great Britain offered to protect Poland in the event of war
• G.B. and France began political and military negotiations with Joseph Stalin (Soviet
dictator) to help contain Nazi aggression
• Benito Mussolini Fascist leader in Italy welcomes Hitler’s support
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What is Fascism?
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Rome-Berlin Axis
Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact promising a common front against
communism
Soviets upset they were not invited to the Munich Conference. What did they promise in
the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact in August 1939? ________________________________________
When does Germany invade Poland? ______________________________________________
Two days later, Great Britain and France declare war on Germany
Hitler stunned Europe with speed and efficiency of the German attack on Poland
Blitzkrieg: Lightening war
By invading Poland, this was the spark that began WWII
Attacked Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, France
French and British forces were taken by surprise when Germans went around the
Maginot Line trapping French troops and British army on the beaches of Dunkirk
Germany on the move…
• September 1, 1939
Poland invaded
• April 9, 1940
Denmark & Norway invaded
May 10, 1940
Holland, Belgium & France invaded
• May 14, 1940
Holland Surrenders
• May 28, 1940
Belgium Surrenders
• June 10, 1940
Norway Surrenders
Then…
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What happened on June 22, 1940 and what is the significance of this event?
• France signed armistice on June 22
• German armies now occupied 3/5 of France
Authoritarian regime under German control
Known as Vichy France
• Hitler invaded Britain through an air attack
• British effective radar system gave early warning of German attacks
• Hitler postponed the invasion of Britain indefinitely
• Battle of Britain
Showed Germans could be defeated
Policy of Isolationism
• During 1940 & 1941 the US stayed out of the war in Europe
• BUT did supply the Allies with weapons as part of the __________________________________.
• Roosevelt also signed the ______________________________________ with Churchill and
pledged to destroy Nazi tyranny.
• The neutrality acts of the 1930s prevented the United States from taking sides or
becoming involved in any European wars
Why did President Roosevelt want the Neutrality Acts Repealed?
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Were gradually relaxed and the United States supplied food, ships, planes, and
weapons to Britain
Hitler believed the Soviet Union had a pitiful army and could be defeated quickly
Invasion of Soviet Union was scheduled for spring of 1941 but attack was delayed
Invaded June 1941
German troops advanced rapidly however, a harsh early winter (which they were
unprepared for) and fierce resistance halted the invasion and devastated German
forces
Partners in War
• 3 Major Allies: Great Britain (_________________), U.S. (_________________) and Soviet Union
(____________) agreed to fight until the Axis Powers, Germany (___________), Italy
(______________________), and Japan (__________) surrendered unconditionally
Africa
• In North Africa, German forces under ______________________________________ broke
through the British defenses in Egypt
• Spring of 1942 captured entire Crimea
• British forces had stopped Rommel’s troops and pushed Germans back
• British and U.S. forces invaded French North Africa and forced German and Italian
troops to surrender
Europe
When was D-Day and what was it?
Germans thought ____________________________________________________________________________
enabled the Allied forces to set up a beachhead
Within 3 months, 2 million men and ½ million vehicles landed
• Allies pushed inland and broke through German lines
• Allies liberated Paris by end of August
• March 1945, they crossed the Rhine River into Germany
• April 1945 linked up with the Soviets
• Soviets began to advance westward
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Where did Hitler go during the final stages of the war? What was his fate?
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May 7, 1945 German commanders surrendered
Hitler’s goal is a ___________________________.
Holocaust
• Hitler believed on one side were the __________________, creators of the human cultural
development, and on the other the Jews, who were trying to destroy the Aryans
• Final Solution: ___________________________________________________________________.
• Kristallnacht: the night of broken glass
• Reinhard Heydrich created special strike forces to carry out Nazi plans.
• Ordered the round of Polish Jews into ghettos
_______________________________________________________
Starving of residents
• 1941 new job of mobile killing units
Round up Jews in their villages, execute them and bury them in mass graves
• Around how many Jews were killed by these forces? __________________________________
Was too slow by Nazi standards
1942, Jews from countries occupied by Germany were rounded up, packed into
freight trains, and shipped to Poland.
• Six extermination camps
Auschwitz
Triblinka
Chelmno
Sobiro
Belzec
Majdanek
What percentage were sent to labor camps? _________% What percentage was sent to gas
chambers? _________%
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Even in facing defeat, the Final Solution had priority in using railroads cars to ship
Jews to death camps
Killed 6 million Jews
Responsible for the death of nearly 2 out of every 3 European Jews
Also responsible for the deliberate death by shooting, starvation, or overwork of at
lest 9-10 million non-Jewish people
Most Nazi concentration and extermination camps were located in Germany and
Poland
What is the Holocaust defined as?
Japan
• 1931 Japan seize Manchuria
• Withdrew from the League of Nations
• They were interested in the raw materials found in S.E. Asia to fuel its military
machine
Reason to create an empire on the Asian mainland
• Demanded to exploit economic resources in French Indochina
What was the United States reaction to Japan’s demands? ______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Hirohito: reigned from 1926-1989
• Japanese had conquered S.E. Asia under the slogan “Asia for the Asiatics”
• Promised people local governments would be established under Japanese control
• Economic resources were used for the benefit of the Japanese war marching
• Native people recruited to serve local military
• Japan military forces often had little respect for the lives of their subject peoples
What happened on December 7, 1941?
Also, launched assaults on the Philippines, and advancing on Malaya
Spring of 1942 almost all of S.E. Asia and the Western Pacific had fallen into
Japanese hands
Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity Sphere
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What did Japanese leaders hope would happen after the attack on American bases? What
did it ACTUALLY do?
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U.S. now joined with European nations and Nationalist China in a combined effort to
defeat Japan
The Allied Home front
• Civilians join in the war effort by:
_____________________________
Working in war industries
_____________________________
• During World War II, women:
Worked in _____________________________
Redefined traditional patterns for women’s lives.
Established themselves as a ____________________________________.
Participated in the war effort.
Defined a new role in society.
• Battle of _______________________: American naval forces stopped the Japanese advance
and saved Australia from invasion
• Battle of _______________________: U.S. planes destroyed four attacking Japanese aircraft
carriers and defeated Japanese navy, establishing naval superiority in the Pacific
• General Douglas MacArthur led allied forces in Asia
• In 1945, the Japanese navy had plans to attack the Panama Canal using a specially
built submarine capable of launching a plane against a target. The canal was a center
of world trade and traffic for Allied forces. However, the war ended prior to the
attack.
• Who became President of the U.S. after Roosevelt died in April? __________________________
• Wanted to avoid a land invasion of Japan, convinced American troops would suffer
heavy causalities
• What did the United States decided to use? __________________________________
Albert Einstein and the Manhattan Project
1st bomb dropped on ___________________________ on Aug 6
2nd bomb dropped 3 days later on ____________________________
• V-J day: Japan surrendered on August 14
• WWII was finally over
• By establishing international organizations, nations acted to reduce the possibility
of future wars
WWI: League of Nations
WII: _______________________________
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European nations liberated by the United States benefited from American
occupations in that liberated nations were able to re-establish and strengthen
democracy
Yalta Conference
When did the Yalta Conference take place?
Who attended the conference?
What was the purpose of the conference?
Conferenced near Yalta in Crimea
Aftermath
• “Discovery” of the Holocaust
• Nuremburg War Crimes Trials
• Allied Occupation of Germany
• Beginning of Cold War
• Marshall Plan to re-build Europe
• Berlin Airlift & Arms Race
From World War to Cold War
Allied Occupation of Germany
United Nations
• Organization to ___________________
• Eventually takes on many other world problems: preventing the outbreak of
disease, improving education, ______________________________________________, and aiding
nations to develop economically
The Cold War
• Capitalism vs. Communism
• The “iron curtain”