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(Revised FROM C:\_DATA\PROJECTS\999-012-282 - WINGS\CHRISTINES-Working DRAFT WINGS Manual\Section 3\3-3Binder_Invasive-Noxious.docx, \3-3-Binder_TopPriorityInvasives.docx) 769812929 1 Invasive – Noxious Plant Species Invasive plants are plants which grow quickly and aggressively, spreading and displacing other plants. Invasive plants are usually introduced by people either accidentally or on purpose, into a region far from their native habitat. Invasive plants are often referred to as "exotic, alien, introduced, or non-native" species. In their natural range, these species are limited by environmental, pest or disease conditions, keeping these species in balance within their ecosystem. When introduced into an area where these limitations are absent, some species have the ability to become invasive. These are the species we are concerned about in conservation. Characteristics of Invasive Plants Invasive plants are noted for their ability to grow and spread aggressively. Invasive plants can be trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, or flowers, and they can reproduce rapidly by roots, seeds, shoots, or all three. Invasive plants tend to: not be native to North America, spread rapidly, reproducing by roots or shoots, mature quickly, and if spread by seed, produce numerous seeds that disperse and sprout easily. Invasives are typically generalists that can grow in many different conditions and are exploiters and colonizers of disturbed ground. Impact of Invasive Plants Invasive species should not be used in your landscape because they are degrading our native plant communities and ecosystems. In fact, second only to habitat loss, invasives are a major factor in the decline of native plants. Plants like kudzu, purple loosestrife, and garlic mustard are displacing native plants and degrading habitat for native insects, birds, and animals. Endangered, rare, and threatened native species of plant and animals are especially at risk because they often occur in such small populations that make them particularly vulnerable. A very practical reason to avoid using invasive plants in your landscape is that they escape, spread and require regular weeding to manage even when grown in a cultivated yard. In urban and suburban areas the worst weeds are escaped ornamentals like Japanese honeysuckle, multiflora rose, Japanese knotweed, tree-of-heaven and oriental bittersweet. In yards, gardens, fields, and parks these plants are very expensive to control. TOP PRIORITY INVASIVE SPECIES FOR PENNSYLVANIA Japanese stiltgrass 2 DESCRIPTION Japanese stiltgrass, or Nepalese browntop, is an annual grass with a sprawling habit. It germinates in spring and grows slowly through the summer months, ultimately reaching heights of 2 to 3½ ft. The leaves are pale green, lance-shaped, asymmetrical, 1 to 3 in. long, and have a distinctive shiny midrib. Slender stalks of tiny flowers are produced in late summer (August through September-early October) and dry fruits called achenes are produced soon afterwards. HABITAT Stiltgrass occurs in a wide variety of habitats including moist ground of open woods, floodplain forests, wetlands, uplands, fields, thickets, paths, clearings, roadsides, ditches, utility corridors, and gardens. It readily invades areas subject to regular mowing, tilling, foot traffic, and other soil disturbing activities as well as natural disturbances such as the scouring associated with flooding. Stiltgrass appears to prefer moist, acidic to neutral soils that are high in nitrogen. Japanese knotweed 3 DESCRIPTION Japanese knotweed is an upright, shrublike, herbaceous perennial that can grow to over 10 feet in height. As with all members of this family, the base of the stem above each joint is surrounded by a membranous sheath. Stems of Japanese knotweed are smooth, stout and swollen at joints where the leaf meets the stem. Although leaf size may vary, they are normally about 6 inches long by 3 to 4 inches wide, broadly oval to somewhat triangular and pointed at the tip. The minute greenish-white flowers occur in attractive, branched sprays in summer and are followed soon after by small winged fruits. Seeds are triangular, shiny, and very small, about 1/10 inch long. HABITAT Japanese knotweed can tolerate a variety of adverse conditions including full shade, high temperatures, high salinity, and drought. It is found near water sources, such as along streams and rivers, in low-lying areas, waste places, utility rights-of-way, and around old homesites. It can quickly become an invasive pest in natural areas after escaping from cultivated gardens. Japanese barberry Fruit Flowers DESCRIPTION Japanese barberry is a dense, deciduous, spiny shrub that grows 2 to 8 ft. high. The branches are brown, deeply grooved, somewhat zig-zag in form and bear a single very sharp spine at each node. The leaves are small (½ to 1 ½ inches long), oval to spatula-shaped, green, bluish-green, or dark reddish purple. Flowering occurs from mid-April to May in the northeastern U.S. Pale yellow flowers about ¼ in (0.6 cm) across hang in umbrella-shaped clusters of 2-4 flowers each along the length of the stem. The fruits are bright red berries about 1/3 in (1 cm) long that are borne on narrow stalks. They mature during late 4 summer and fall and persist through the winter. HABITAT Barberry is shade tolerant, drought resistant, and adaptable to a variety of open and wooded habitats, wetlands and disturbed areas. It prefers to grow in full sun to part shade but will flower and fruit even in heavy shade. Multiflora rose DESCRIPTION Multiflora rose is a thorny, perennial shrub with arching stems (canes), and leaves divided into five to eleven sharply toothed leaflets. The base of each leaf stalk bears a pair of fringed bracts. Beginning in May or June, clusters of showy, fragrant, white to pink flowers appear, each about an inch across. Small bright red fruits, or rose hips, develop during the summer, becoming leathery, and remain on the plant through the winter. HABITAT Multiflora rose has a wide tolerance for various soil, moisture, and light conditions. It occurs in dense woods, prairies, along stream banks and roadsides and in open fields and pastures. Autumn Olive 5 DESCRIPTION Autumn olive is a deciduous shrub or small tree in the Oleaster family. Leaves are alternate, oval to anceolate, and untoothed. The underside of the dark green leaf is covered with silver-white scales. The plant may grow to a height of 20 feet. The small, light yellow flowers are borne along twigs after the leaves have appeared early in the growing season. The small, round, juicy fruits are reddish to pink, dotted with scales, and produced in great quantity. HABITAT Autumn olive has nitrogen-fixing root nodules which allow it to thrive in poor soils. Typical habitats are disturbed areas, roadsides, pastures and fields in a wide range of soils. Autumn olive is drought tolerant and may invade grasslands and sparse woodlands. It does not do well on wet sites or in densely forested areas. Japanese Honeysuckle 6 DESCRIPTION Japanese honeysuckle is a perennial vine that climbs by twisting its stems around vertical structures, including limbs and trunks of shrubs and small trees. Leaves are oblong to oval, sometimes lobed, have short stalks, and occur in pairs along the stem. In southern and mid-Atlantic states, Japanese honeysuckle often remains evergreen – its leaves remain attached through the winter. In colder northern climates, the leaves may fall off after exposure to prolonged winter temperatures. Flowers are tubular, with five fused petals, white to pink, turning yellow with age, very fragrant, and occur in pairs along the stem at leaf junctures. Stems and leaves are sometimes covered with fine, soft hairs. Japanese honeysuckle blooms from late April through July and sometimes into October. Small black fruits are produced in autumn, each containing 2-3 oval to oblong, dark brown seeds about 1/4 inch across. HABITAT A ubiquitous invader, Japanese honeysuckle thrives in a wide variety of habitats including fields, forests, wetlands, barrens, and all types of disturbed lands. Garlic Mustard 7 1st year foliage Upright seed pods DESCRIPTION Garlic mustard is a cool season biennial herb with stalked, triangular to heart-shaped, coarsely toothed leaves that give off an odor of garlic when crushed. First-year plants appear as a rosette of green leaves close to the ground. Rosettes remain green through the winter and develop into mature flowering plants the following spring. Flowering plants of garlic mustard reach from 2 to 3-½ feet in height and produce buttonlike clusters of small white flowers, each with four petals in the shape of a cross. Recognition of garlic mustard is critical. Several white-flowered native plants, including toothworts (Dentaria), sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonii), and early saxifrage (Saxifraga virginica), occur alongside garlic mustard and may be mistaken for it. Beginning in May (in the mid-Atlantic Coast Plain region), seeds are produced in erect, slender pods and become shiny black when mature. By late June, when most garlic mustard plants have died, they can be recognized only by the erect stalks of dry, pale brown seedpods that remain, and may hold viable seed, through the summer. HABITAT 8 Garlic mustard frequently occurs in moist, shaded soil of river floodplains, forests, roadsides, edges of woods and trails edges and forest openings. Disturbed areas are most susceptible to rapid invasion and dominance. Though invasive under a wide range of light and soil conditions, garlic mustard is associated with calcareous soils and does not tolerate high acidity. Growing season inundation may limit invasion of garlic mustard to some extent. Below is a list from DCNR of invasive species and/or noxious species in the eastern United States: Herbs and Forbs COMMON NAME Goutweed SCIENTIFIC NAME Aegopodium podagraria OTHER COMMON NAMES Bishop’s weed, snow on the mountain holy hay Garlic mustard Alliaria petiolata Hedge mustard Wild chervil Anthriscus sylvestris Cow parsley, keck, bur chervil Narrowleaf bittercress Cardamine impatiens Bushy rock-cress Musk thistle Carduus nutans Brown knapweed hardheads Centaurea jacea Horse-knobs, rayed knapweed, Black knapweed hardheads Centaurea nigra Lesser or common knapweed, Spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe Greater celandine Chelidonium majus Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare Poison hemlock Nodding thistle Tetterwort Canadian thistle Conium maculatum Jimsonweed thorn apple Datura stramonium Jamestown weed, devil’s trumpet, Hairy willow herb Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb Smallflower hairy willowherb Epilobium parviflorum Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica Giant knotweed Fleeceflower, Mexican bamboo Fallopia sachalinensis Sakhalin knotweed Goatsrue Galega officinalis Holy hay, professor-weed, Italian fitch Giant hogweed flower Heracleum mantegazzianum Dames rocket Hesperis matronalis 9 Giant cow parsnip or parsley, cartwheel Dame’s violet, dame’s gillyflower, dame’s wort Yellow flag iris Iris pseudacorus Moneywort Lysimachia nummularia Creeping Jenny or Charlie, wandering sailor Purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Star-of-Bethlehem Bethlehem Ornithogalum nutans/ umbellatum Silver bells, drooping star-of Wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa Beefsteak plant Swamp loosestrife Garden parsnip Perilla frutescens Chinese basil, purple mint Bristled knotweed smartweed Persicaria longiseta Oriental lady’s thumb, Asiatic Lesser celandine Ranunculus ficaria Fig buttercup, pilewort Vines COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OTHER COMMON NAMES Chocolate Vine Akebia quinata Fiveleaf akebia, raisin vine Porcelain berry Ampelopsis brevipedunculata Amur peppervine, porcelain vine Oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Asiatic or round-leaved bittersweet Japanese hops Humulus japonicas Wintercreeper Euonymus fortune Climbing euonymus, fortune’s spindle English ivy Hedera helix Common ivy Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Chinese honeysuckle Mile-a-minute Persicaria perfoliata Devil’s tear-thumb Kudzu Pueraria lobata Vine that ate the South Black swallow-wort Vincetoxicum nigrum Louis’ or Louise’s swallow-wort Pale swallow-wort vine Vincetoxicum rossicum European swallow-wort, dog strangling Trees COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OTHER COMMON NAMES Norway maple Acer platanoides Sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus Mock plane Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima Chinese or stinking sumac, tree of hell 10 Mimosa Albizia julibrissin Persian silk tree, silktree, silky acacia European black alder Alnus glutinosa Common alder Japanese angelica tree Aralia elata Empress tree Paulownia tomentosa Callery pear Pyrus calleryana Siberian elm Ulmus pumila Princess tree, royal paulownia Shrubs COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OTHER COMMON NAMES Japanese barberry Berberis thunbergii Red barberry, Thunberg’s barberry European barberry Berberis vulgaris Common barberry Russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia Oleaster, wild olive Autumn olive Elaeagnus umbellate Winged Euonymus wahoo Euonymus alata Glossy buckthorn Frangula alnus Shrubby bushclover Lespedeza bicolor Shrubby lespedeza Chinese bushclover Lespedeza cuneata Chinese Lespedeza, sericea lespedeza Japanese privet Burning bush, winged burning bush, winged Ligustrum japonicum Waxleaf ligustrum, wax privet Border privet privet Ligustrum obtusifolium Chinese privet Ligustrum sinense Common privet Ligustrum vulgare European privet, wild privet Amur honeysuckle Lonicera mackii Morrow’s honeysuckle Lonicera morrowii Bell’s honeysuckle honeysuckle Lonicera xbella Standish honeysuckle Lonicera standishii Tartarian honeysuckle Lonicera tatarica Common buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica Jetbead Multiflora rose sisters rose Wineberry Blunt-leaved or obtuse-leaved or regal Bella or showy bush or pretty Rhodotypos scandens Purging buckthorn Black jetbead Rosa multiflora Rambler/Japanese or baby or seven- Rubus phoenicolasius 11 Wine raspberry, Japanese wineberry Japanese spiraea spiraea Spiraea japonica Japanese meadowsweet, nippon Guelder rose cramp bark Viburnum opulus Cranberrybush viburnum, red elder, Aquatic Plants COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OTHER COMMON NAMES Carolina fanwort grass Cabomba caroliniana Green Cabomba, fish grass, Washington Didymo Didymoshenia geminate Brazilian water-weed Hydrilla Rock snot Egeria densa Hydrilla verticillata Esthwaite waterweed Floating seedbox Ludwigia peploides Water primrose Parrot feather watermilfoil Myriophyllum aquaticum Parrotfeather Eurasian water-milfoil Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasian milfoil, spike watermilfoil Curly pondweed leaved pondweed Potamogeton crispus Curly-leaved or curlyleaf or crispy- Europan water chestnutTrapa natans Devil pod Narrow-leaved cattail Typha angustifolia Hybrid cattail Typha x glauca Narrow lead cattail, nail rod Grasses COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME OTHER COMMON NAMES Poverty brome Bromus sterilis Cheatgrass grass, June grass Bromus tectorum Downy or drooping brome, bronco Japanese stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum Nepalese browntop, packing grass Reed canary grass Phalaris australis Common reed Phragmites australis ssp. australis Shattercane Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii Johnson grass Sorghum halepense Watch List These species are on DCNR’s “Watch List”. This means there is reason to believe that these species have 12 the potential to act aggres-sively in certain environments or in surrounding states. They could pose threats to natural ecosystems if they become invasive. Amur maple Acer ginnala Small carpetgrass jointhead Arthraxon hispidus Paper mulberry Joint-head grass, hairy joint grass, Broussonetia papyfera Butterfly bush Buddleja davidii Orange day-lily Hemerocallis fulva Velvet grass Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog Chinese silvergrass Miscanthus sinensis Eulalia, zebra grass, maidenhair grass White mulberry Orange-eye butterfly bush Morus alba Common/Chinese/Russian white mulberry Wavyleaf basketgrass Oplismenus hirtellus Japanese pachysandra Pachysandra terminalis Amur corktree Phellodendron amurense Japanese corktree Phellodendron japonicum Japanese spurge, Chinese fever vine Lavella corktree Phellodendron lavellei Golden bamboo Phyllostachys aurea Rough bluegrass Poa trivialis Ravenna grass Saccharum ravennae Tall fescue Schedonorus arundinaceus Bee-bee tree Tetradium daniellii Korean Evodia Linden viburnum Viburnum dilatatum Linden arrowwood Doublefile viburnum Viburnum plicatum Japanese snowball bush Siebold viburnum Viburnum sieboldii Siebold’s arrowwod Bigleaf periwinkle Vinca major Greater periwinkle Common periwinkle Vinca minor Ground myrtle Japanese wisteria Wisteria floribunda Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis Yellow grove bamboo, fish pole bamboo 13 Hardy pampas grass
