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SSUSH20 The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States. • Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy. • Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China and the outbreak of the Korean War and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy. Continued… • Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. • Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing opposition to the war. The Marshall Plan • AKA: “European Recovery Act” 1948: -- $ 12 Billion to Western Europe -- aimed at containing spread of communism by easing economic hardship in European nations Gen. George C. Marshall 1947 Secretary of State under Truman Speech led to Marshall Plan; steps should be taken to avoid ….. “economic, social, and political collapse” of Europe in face of Communism Called for U.S. effort to create condition in which free institutions could exist 1953: Nobel Peace Prize Marshall Plan & U.S. Aid to Europe Critical Thinking Question: “How could the signs be changed to reflect contemporary issues in the world?” U.S. Commitment to Europe Post WWII – Cold War • Expressed in Marshall Plan • Reality in Berlin Airlift 1948: Soviets blockade of Berlin & Western Germany to protest creation of new West German government post WWII • British and American Response: airlift food and supplies to Berlin • 1949 blockade lifted • May 9, 1949 West Germany founded • Soviets responded with formation of East Germany (German Democratic Republic) • Division of Germany lasted 40 years as result of COLD WAR rivalry NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • 1949: Focus on military preparedness • Nine Western European nations joined Canada, Iceland, and USA in military alliance • Atlantic Pact: members pledged to defend others in event of outside attack • 1951 Gen. Dwight Eisenhower became supreme commander of NATO forces • 1955: Soviets responded with formation of Warsaw Pact (communist alliance) Truman Doctrine • Truman speech before Congress March 12, 1947: “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” • Congress soon voted $ 400 million to aid Greece and Turkey • Massive foreign aid program followed in effort to CONTAIN COMMUNISM Origins & Implications: Containment Policy • Roots of Cold War: born in rivalry between worlds “superpowers”: USSR & USA! • Threat of all-out war ever-present • Profound Differences: economic, political, & philosophical between COMMUNISM & CAPITALISTIC DEMOCRACY • Soviet Ideology: state-run economy, one-party rule, suppression of religion, & use of force to crush opposition • Soviet Expansionism: fueled “containment” Containment of Communism • Soviet Union took over Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia during WWII • Captured large areas of Poland and Romania • Stalin & Soviet determination: influence Eastern Europe by installing pro-Soviet governments • Countries under Soviet control known as “satellite nations” Containment ….. • 1946 Speech by Stalin: dubbed “Declaration of World War III” proclaimed that capitalism and communism could never “coexist” in world • Churchill responded with “Iron Curtain” speech: “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent” • George Kennan: U.S. State Department: argued “the long term aim of the Soviet Union is to defeat capitalism and expand its sphere of influence” • Led to development of U.S. Foreign Policy known as “CONTAINMENT” DOCTRINE America’s Cold War Strategy •Contain: restrict Soviet expansion and influence The Communist Regime in China: Post WWII – Cold War • U.S. sought “containment” • 1945-1949 U.S. aid sent to Chinese Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek • Chinese Civil War between Nationalists & Communists • Communists led by Mao Zedong gained control of China 1949 • New Government created: “People’s Republic of China” Outbreak of the Korean War • Post-WWII: Japanese soldiers in Korea surrendered to Soviets & Americans (North of 38th Parallel became communist; South became democratic) • June 25, 1950: North Korean troops backed by USSR swept across 38th into South beginning Korean War. Korean War • South called on UN to assist • Truman ordered U.S. troops (along with other UN forces) to Korea • Gen. Douglas Macarthur: UN Commander • Nov. 1950 Communist China joined war to aid North Korea • Cease-fire June 23, 1951 • Result: 38th Parallel divides North / South Korea Effect in U.S.: Rise of Joseph McCarthy: “McCarthyism” • Situation in Asia led to increased fear of communism in America • Many believed …. “presence of communist sympathizers” in American government. • Sen. Joseph McCarthy 1952 declared communists were “taking over the government” Accusations became known as “McCarthyism” • Accused individuals • Accused Democratic Party • Accused U.S. Army 1954 = “Army-McCarthy Hearings” (televised Senate Hearings) = loss of public support • Fear of Communism still pervaded America Cuban Revolution: 1956-1959 • Fidel Castro • Promised democracy … brought more dictatorship and Communism with aid from Soviet Union Bay of Pigs Bay of Pigs • The Bay of Pigs Invasion: unsuccessful attempt by U.S. backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. • Pres. Eisenhower broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba (Jan. 1961.) The CIA had been training antirevolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor, JFK. • April 17, 1961: exiles, armed with U.S. weapons, landed at the (Bay of Pigs). Hoping to find support from the local population, they intended to cross the island to Havana. • President Kennedy had the option of using the U.S. Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it. Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. • The closest the world has come to nuclear war was the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. • The Soviets had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles off the coast of the United States. U.S. armed forces were at their highest state of readiness. Soviet field commanders in Cuba were authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if invaded by the U.S. The fate of millions literally hinged upon the ability of two men, Pres. John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Krushchev, to reach a compromise. Kennedy placed a naval quarantine around Cuba to prevent further missiles from arriving The Vietnam War • A military conflict (1954–1975) between the Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States. • The bloodiest battleground of the Cold War. Tet Offensive • The operations, which were unprecedented in their magnitude and ferocity, was to strike military and civilian command and control centers throughout the South Vietnam and to spark a general uprising among the population that would then topple the Saigon government, thus ending the war in a single blow. • Tet: Vietnamese New Year. Supposed to be non-combative, the North Vietnamese led a large number of surprise attacks. • Great impact on the American public. People began to feel the war was no longer winnable. Tet: 1968 Television and the Vietnam War • The Tet Offensive made the brutality of the war very visible to Americans. The US Air Force had been bombing South Vietnamese villages for years; during Tet the Air Force was bombing South Vietnamese cities. The ARVN had been killing prisoners for years; during Tet the American television viewing public actually got to watch a prisoner, with his hands bound behind his back, being shot through the head by a South Vietnamese general. • The Tet Offensive made the US news media, and the US public, much less enthusiastic about the war than they had been previously. General Westmoreland did not get the 200,000 additional troops he had requested, and in less than two years the US began withdrawing substantial numbers of troops. • In the long run the Tet Offensive was a victory for the Communists, because of the way it reduced the American will to fight. Growing Opposition to Vietnam War in U.S. • • • • Anti-War Protests Marches, Sit-ins Kent State Peace Movement Kent State: National Guard Shooting Victim 1970 POW’S