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Plant Physiology Unit 3 Life Cycle of Plants 1. Annual – a plant that completes its life cycle in one year 2. Biennial – a plant that completes its life cycle in two years (usually grows in the first year and flowers in the second year) 3. Perennial – a plant that lives more than two years (some will grow and bloom in the first year) Leaf Retention of a Plant 1. Deciduous – plants that lose their leaves during the dormant season 2. Evergreen – plants that retain their leaves and remain green year round Moisture in Plants 1. Turgid – a plant that is swollen or filled with moisture 2. Wilted – a plant that is limp because it does not have enough moisture Plant Growth 1. Dormant – a stage when a plant rests or grows very little 2. Plants generally go dormant in response to adverse conditions such as extreme heat or cold 3. Botany – the part of biology that deals with plants Season Crop Type 1. Cool season plants – relish cool temperatures, growing best in spring or fall (ex – pansy) 2. Warm season plants – grow best in warm temperatures, growing best in the summer and every fall (ex – zinnia, marigold, vinca) https://youtu.be/Jns7e0fm9i0 https://youtu.be/E36JdAYb1zw https://youtu.be/LlFl363EYac Plant Anatomy https://youtu.be/p3St51F4kE8 Leaves 1. External Parts a. Petiole – the lead stalk or part that connects the leaf to the stem b. Midrib – the large center vein c. Blade – the large, flat part of the leaf d. Veins – the structural framework of the leaf e. Margin – the edge of the leaf f. Apex – the leaf tip Leaves Leaves 2. Internal Parts a.Upper and lower epidermis – the skin of the leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture b.Stomates – the small openings under the leaf for breathing or transpiration c.Guard cells – surround the stomates and regulate the open and close of the stomates d.Chloroplasts – small green particles that contain chlorophyll, give leaves their green color, and are necessary for photosynthesis Leaves Leaves 3. Functions of the leaf a. Photosynthesis – process by which plants capture sunlight and use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into food (sugar) b. Respiration – converts sugars and starches into energy c. Transpiration – the release of water vapor from the leaves of plants and it helps cool the plants Leaves https://youtu.be/D1Ymc311XS8 Leaves 4. Leaves additional a. Sessile describes leaves without a petiole (ex – zinnia) b. Bracts are modified leaves (ex – poinsettia) c. Needles and scales are modified leaves (ex – pine tree) d. Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel (ex – southern magnolia) e. Pubescent leaves or stems have a hairy feel (ex – African violet) Stems 1. External parts a. Lenticels - breathing pores found on stems and branches b. Bud scale scars - indicate where terminal buds have been located c. Leaf scars - indicate where leaves were attached d. Terminal bud - a bud on end of stem e. Axillary bud - the bud located at the axil of the leaf f. Lateral buds - buds on side of stem Stems 2. Internal parts a. Xylem – the tissue that transports water and nutrients up from the roots to the stem and leaves b. Phloem – the tissue that transports food down from leaves to the roots c. Cambium – a thin, green, actively growing tissue located between the bark and wood and produces all new stem cells d. Bark – old inactive phloem e. Heartwood – old inactive xylem f. Sapwood – new active xylem Stems Phloem Phloem Xylem Stem Bark Cambium Sapwood Heartwood Stems 3. Cotyledons a. Monocots – plant systems that have vascular bundles which contain xylem and phloem; they produce one seed leaf (ex – grass & corn) b. Dicots – plant stems that have a phloem layer and xylem layer separated by cambium; they produce two seed leaves (ex – trees & vegetables) Stems Xylem Cambium Monocot Phloem Dicot Stems 4. Functions of the stem a. Translocation – the movement of water and minerals through the plants; the phloem moves food down from the leaves to the roots b. The xylem moves water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves Roots 1. External parts a. Root cap - located at the tip of the root and is where new cells are produced b. Root hairs – absorb moisture (water) and minerals Roots 2. Internal parts a. Phloem – the outer layer of the root and carries food down the root b. Xylem – the inner layer and carries water and minerals up to the stem Roots Roots 3. Types of roots a. Fibrous roots have many branched shallow roots; they are easy to transplant b. Tap roots are long roots with few branched ones; they are more difficult to transplant Roots 4. Functions of roots a. Anchorage b. Absorption c. Asexual Reproduction d. Storage Flowers (develop into seeds & fruits) 1. External parts a. Sepals – the green parts of the flower that cover and protect the flower bud before it opens b. Petals – leaves that are modified to attract insects for flower pollination Flowers (develop into seeds & fruit) 2. Internal parts a. Stamens – male flower parts • Anther – a sac like structure that contains pollen and male sex cells • Filament – a short stalk that holds up the anther Flowers (develop into seeds & fruit) 2. Internal parts b. Pistil – female part of the flower • Stigma – sticky pat on top of the style where insects leave pollen • Style – hold up the stigma and connects it to the ovary • Ovary – if fertilized, becomes a fruit • Ovules – the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds if fertilized Flowers Flowers Flowers (develop into seeds & fruit) 3. Functions of the flower a. It attracts insects for pollination b. It produces seeds for sexual reproduction c. It produces fruit to nourish and protect the seed https://youtu.be/djPVgip_bdU Flowers 4. Additional flower and fruit information a. Complete flowers have both male and female parts b. Incomplete flowers have only male or female parts Flowers Flowers 4. Additional flower and fruit information c. Fertilization – when pollen travels down the style, joining the sperm and the ovule d. Pollination – the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma e. Cross-pollination – the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of one flower to a flower on another plant f. Self-pollination – the transfer of the pollen to the stigma of a flower on the same plant Flowers 4. Additional flower and fruit information g. Corolla – all auxiliary parts of the flower not including reproductive organs; the collective term for all petals of a flower h. Calyx – the external usually green or leafy part of a flower; also the collective term for all sepals of a flower i. Receptacle – the enlarged tip of a stem on which a flower is born Flowers 4. Additional flower and fruit information a. The fruit serves as protection for the seed b. The function of the fruit is to help with seed dispersal c. The juvenile stage is when a plant first begins growing from a seed