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Body Systems and Disorders Glands produce secretions Endocrine glands make hormones Hormones use the circulatory system to reach their target Do not confuse with exocrine glands which has secretions that go through a duct Coordinate and integrate functions to maintain homeostasis – endocrine and nervous system work in a unique partnership. Hypothalamus (a part of the nervous system) – sends directions via chemical signals (neurotransmitters) to the pituitary (part of the endocrine system). Secretions of pituitary then send chemical signals in the form of hormones, causing them to stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their unique hormones. About size of a grape Located at base of brain Connected to the hypothalamus Anterior lobe and posterior lobe Also known as the master gland Located in neck close to the cricoid cartilage (Adam’s apple) – butterfly shaped. Regulates body metabolism. Stimulates protein synthesis and this helps in tissue growth. Stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen to glucose. Four glands size of grains of rice Attached to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Maintains calciumphosphorus balance. When blood calcium level is lower than normal, parathormone secretion is increased. Both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ Located under the sternum Decreases in size with aging Thymosin – major hormone that helps to stimulate the lymphoid cells that are responsible for production of T cells which fight certain diseases. This gland is critical to the development of the immune system. Located on top of each kidney Have a cortex and a medulla Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are known as corticoids. Corticoids are very effective as antiinflammatory drugs. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Also called sex glands Female – Ovaries – produce hormones estrogen & progesterone. Male – Testes – produce hormone testosterone. Located behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine – secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine that helps with digestion. Endocrine – involved in production of insulin and glucagon. Located on the roof of the third ventricle in the brain Melatonin – hormone produced. Causes body temperature to drop. Light entering eye stimulates suprachiasmatic nucleus which then stimulates the pineal gland to release its hormone. A number of factors – Disease of the gland – Autoimmune causes – Infections – Dietary deficiencies Signs can cause problems and symptoms usually do to hyper- or hypoactivity of the glands Hyperfunction leads to: Gigantism – hypersecretion of pituitary growth hormone during preadolescence. Causes an overgrowth of the long bones leading to excessive tallness. Acromegaly – hypersecretion of the growth hormone in adulthood. Over development of the bones of the face, hand, and feet. Hypofunction leads to: Dwarfism – during childhood. Growth of long bones is abnormally decreased by an inadequate production of growth hormone. Body is normally proportioned and intelligence is normal. HYPERTHYROIDISM Diagnostic tests – Blood test for TSH, T3 and T4. Thyroid scan & Radioactive iodine uptake test using radioactive iodine. What is it? Overactivity of gland. Leads to enlargment of gland. Symptoms: consumption of lrg quantities of food but suffer loss of body fat/weight. Feeling hot, fast growing/rougher fingernails, weakened muscles. Bulging of the eyeballs. HYPOTHYROIDISM Diagnostic tests – same as for hyper. What is it? Underactivity of gland. Major cause – inflammation of the thyroid. Symptoms: dry/itchy skin, dry/brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night. HYPERPARATHYROIDISM May cause increase in amount of blood calcium, increasing tendency for calcium to crystallize in kidneys resulting in kidney stones. Excess amounts of calcium are withdrawn from bones – may lead to eventual deformity. Bones become so fragile that even walking can cause fractures. HYPOPARATHYROIDISM Leads to tetany – severely diminished calcium levels affect the normal function of nerves. Convulsive twitching's develop, and afflicted person can die of spasms in the respiratory muscles. Treatment: admin of vitamin D, calcium, and parathormone to restore a normal calcium balance. HYPERFUNCTION Cushing’s syndrome – from hypersecretion of glucocorticoid hormones from adrenal cortex. Possible causes: tumor or prolonged prednisone use. Symptoms – high B/P, muscular weakness, obesity, poor healing of skin lesions, easily bruise, hyperglycemia. Treatment – surgical removal of the tumor. HYPOFUNCTION Addison’s disease – low secretion of hormones. Symptoms – excessive pigmentation, low levels of blood glucose, low B/P, muscular weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, vomiting, severe drop in sodium in blood and tissue. Treatment – focused on replacement of the deficient hormones. Pancreatic disorder Decreased secretion of insulin from the islets of Langerhans cells or by the ineffective use of insulin Type I – juvenile Type II – most common in adults. Makes up 90% - 95% of diabetics. Signs and symptoms – excessive urination, excessive thirst, excessive hunger, weight loss, blurred vision Diagnostic tests – done with blood and urine, glucose tolerance test Treatments – diet, glucose monitoring, insulin injection. Signs and symptoms – gradual onset, feelings of tiredness or illness, frequent urination, unusual thirst, frequent infections, slow healing of sores Diagnostic tests – done with blood and urine, glucose tolerance test Treatments – diet, weight reduction, glucose monitoring, oral hypoglycemic agents.