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Geography: The World Around Us What is Geography? Geography is the study of the distribution and interaction of both the physical and human features of the Earth. Geographers study: ▪ How humans use space on Earth ▪ Interactions that take place ▪ Connections between the people and the land Geographer's Tools ▪ Maps ▪ Charts ▪ Tables ▪ Photographs ▪ Scale models And The Five Themes of Geography Section 1 Five Themes of Geography Five Themes of Geography 1. Location 2. Place 3. Region 4. Movement 5. Human-Environment Interaction Location Two Types of Location: Absolute- tells exactly where something is found ▪ Earth is divided into halves called hemispheres ▪ The equator is an imaginary line that divides the north and south ▪ The Prime Meridian divides east and west ▪ Absolute Location is determined by where the latitude and longitude points meet Relative- Location of a place compared to places around it Latitude and Longitude Latitude run parallel the equator and are used to locate places north and south Longitude meridians that pass through the poles and are used to locate places east and west Place Place tells us what it is like and includes Physical characteristics ▪ Vegetation, climate, and landforms Cultural Characteristics ▪ Houses, languages, religion, and transportation The Prime Meridian Region A region is an area united by similar physical, political, economic, or cultural factors Three types: ▪ Formal ▪ Functional ▪ Perceptual Human-Environment Interaction Humans and the environment share a direct relationship. 1.Change the environment to meet our needs 2.Adapt to what we cannot change 3.Depend on the environment Movement: People, Goods, & Ideas Geographers also study how long it takes people, goods, and ideas to travel. They measure this by looking at the amount of time it takes and the actual distance covered. Section 2 Geographer’s Tools Geographer’s Tools Geographers use 2D and 3D tools to learn about the Earth. Today, they also use a wide variety of digital technology to help as well. Geographer’s Tools • Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earth • Map—a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface • Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surface • Map projection—way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map Types of Maps •Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational •A topographic map is one kind of general reference map • Topographic map—shows natural and man-made features of earth •Thematic map—shows specific data such as climate, population density •A navigation map is used by sailors, pilots Map Making •Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area •Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes: − aerial photography − satellite imaging Satellite Imagery •Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES • Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan entire planet in 16 days •Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES): − orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation − gathers images of atmospheric conditions Satellite Imagery Geographic Information Systems (GIS) • a digital geographic database •Combines and displays information from many sources Geographic Positioning System (GPS) •Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earth •Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact position •GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animals