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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BI-DIRECTIONAL DC-DC CONVERTERS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES ABSTRACT: This paper suggests a new electrolytic capacitor-less bi-directional on-board charger for electric vehicle. It has a cascade structure of constant frequency resonant converter for electrical isolation and DCM buck/boost converter for charging/discharging control and input harmonic regulation. Harmonic modulation technique is also proposed to obtain a high power factor and structure change method has been adopted to cope with a wide line voltage condition. Harmonic regulation and charging/discharging control can be accomplished with very simple control algorithm so that high performance controller is not required. Its feasibility has been verified with a 3-kW prototype INTRODUCTION: The DC-DC converter needs to have bi-directional power flow capability so that regenerative energy can be captured and stored in the energy storage. In addition, some applications may require overlapping input-output voltage ranges. The two DC-DC converters analyzed and compared in this research can be used for DC fast charging in EV/HEVs to extend the all-electric drive range. A municipal parking deck charging station with DC power distribution bus can employ bi-directional DC-DC charger to allow Vehicle to Grid (V2G) operation . V2G operation can be useful to inject real or reactive power to the grid to ensure current harmonic filtering or load balancing. A bi-directional converter with overlapping input output voltage range would enhance the operational flexibility for G2V or V2G applications. In, a battery charger comprised of interleaved CCM boost converter and FB converter has been proposed and evaluated. Also, power factor correction (PFC) converters suitable for EV based on bridgeless PFC converter and bi-directional Hbridge inverter have been studied. They have good performances of high power factor (PF), wide line regulation performance, and clean charging current but they have several disadvantages to be applied for vehicle applications. However, the intermediate dc link capacitor that should have a large value to filter power fluctuation has been implemented with a high voltage electrolytic capacitor that cannot be used in automotive applications due to its short lifetime. To use a link capacitor mall enough to be implemented using film capacitor and link capacitor ripple reduction, several techniques have been studied to reduce the link capacitor ripple by using synchronization of input and output currents in link capacitor or additional circuit of ripple compensator . In addition, other circuit structures have been suggested using link voltage of the rectified ac waveform . EXISTING SYSTEM: This system requires two switching dc to ac converters operating at a high frequency so as to convert the dc input to high frequency ac quantities. Galvanic isolation between the source and load side is provided by the high-frequency transformer. Transformer also performs voltage matching between the source and the load side since the voltage ratio between them is very high. The transformer works with ac quantities and hence a dc-ac converter is required at both the terminals. Since the system is meant for the energy transfer in both the directions, dc to ac converters employed must have the capability of bidirectional power flow. This converters also like the non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters works in two modes of operation i.e. in buck or boost. PROPOSED SYSTEM: The conventional Cascaded Buck Boost Inductor in the middle (CBB-IIM) having an interfacing inductor between the input and output sides. On the other hand presents the Cascaded Buck Boost Capacitor in the middle (CBB-CIM) topology where the two half bridge converters are cascaded together with a common dc bus capacitor. The DC bus voltage is typically higher than the battery voltage in electric vehicles with a boost stage, but depending on the characteristics of the batteries and design of the propulsion system the battery voltage may overlap with the nominal DC bus voltage. Therefore, the converter must have the capability to handle the input and output side voltages with overlapping ranges. Both the converters, CBB-IIM and CBB-CIM, have the input and output voltage overlap capability ADVANTAGES: Low cost Less number of switches BLOCK DIAGRAM: TOOLS AND SOFTWARE USED: MPLAB – microcontroller programming. ORCAD – circuit layout. MATLAB/Simulink – Simulation APPLICATIONS: Electric and hybrid electric vehicle (EV/HEV). CONCLUSION: A new bi-directional electrolytic capacitor-less EV on-board charger comprised of a resonant converter and DCM buck/boost converter has been proposed. To improve the power factor in the DCM operation and secure proper operation under discharging mode, harmonicmodulation technique has been proposed based on analysis of optimal operational duty-ratio. Also, structure change method has been adopted to avoid high gain operation of buck/boost stage. To verify the performance, a 3-KW prototype charger has been implemented with the design guideline. Experimental results show that the efficiency of around 93% under bi-directional power flow has been recorded at the rated condition, maintaining high power factor near to unity. Therefore, it may be suitable for full digital-controlled bi-directional EV chargers requiring for long lifetime and small size. REFERENCES: [1] V. Monteiro, J. G. Pinto, B. Exposto, H. Goncalves, J. C. Ferreira, C. Couto, and J. L. Afonso, “Assessment of a battery charger for electric vehicles with reactive power control,” presented at the 38th Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., pp. 5142–5147, Montreal, Canada, 2012. [2] O. C. Onar, J. Kobayashi, D. C. Erb, and A. Khaligh, “A bidirectional highpower-quality grid interface with a novel bidirectional noninverted buck–boost converter for PHEVs,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Tech., vol. 61, no. 5, pp. 2018–2032, Jun. 2012. [3] U. K. Madawala and D. J. Thrimawithana, “A bidirectional inductive power interface for electric vehicles in V2G systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 4789–4796, Oct. 2011. [4] O. C. Onar, J. Kobayashi, D. C. Erb, and A. Khaligh, “Bi-directional charging topologies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,” in Proc. Appl. Power Electron. Conf., 2010, pp. 2066–2072. [5] R. J. Ferreira, L. M. Miranda, R. E. Araujo, and J. P. Lopes, “A new bidirectional charger for vehicle-to-grid integration,” in Proc. IEEE PES Int. Conf. Exhib. Innovative Smart Grid Technol., 2011, pp. 1–5.