Download Radiography of Facial Bones ( Orbits /Nasal bones/ Optic foramina

Radiography of Facial Bones
( Orbits /Nasal bones/ Optic foramina)
(Mandible/ TMJs & Zygomatic Arch)
Facial Bones (Orbits)
Basic
 Lateral
 Parietoacanthial (Waters)
 15OF ( Caldwell )
Special
 Horizontal lateral ( Trauma )
 Modified Waters
 Achanthioparietal (Reverse Waters)
Facial Bones (Optic Foramina)
Basic
 Parietoorbital ( Rhese )
 Parietoacanthial (Waters)
Special
 Modified Waters
Facial Bones (Tempromandibular Joints)
Basic
 AP Axial ( Modified Townes)
Special
 Axiolateral 15Oblique ( Law)
 Axiolateral ( Schuller)
Facial Bones (Nasal Bones)
Basic
 Lateral
 Parietoacanthial
Special
 Superoinferior ( Axial)
Facial Bones (Mandible)
Basic
 Axiolateral
 PA 0and  2025Cephalic
 AP Axial ( Townes)
Special
 Submentoertex
Facial Bones (Zygomatic Arches)
Basic
 Submentovrtex (SMV)
 Oblique Inferosuperior
 AP Axial (Modified Townes)
 Parietoacanthial ( Waters)
Lateral Facial Bones
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
85
40
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient recumbent semi prone or sits erect facing the bucky,
Part Position
 Rotate head to the side in question
 Align Interpupillary line perpendicular to bucky surface
 Align midsagittal plane parallel to bucky surface
 Adjust chin to bring infraorbitomeatal line perpendicular to film holder
 Use radiolucent support under chin
 Climate within the facial bones
 Suspend respiration during exposure
Central Ray
Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
31
To Zygoma (midway between outer canthus and EAM)
Anatomy Demonstrated


Superimposed, mandible, orbits, maxilla and Zygoma
Greater wings of sphenoid
32
Parietoacanthial (Waters)
Exposure factors
KV
80
mAs
40
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect facing the bucky.
Part Position
 Extend neck and rest chin against the bucky surface.
 Adjust head until mento Meatal line perpendicular to plane of bucky
 Align midsagittal plane perpendicular to and in line with the midline of
bucky.
 Prevent rotation and tilting of the head
 Collimate to outer margins of skull on all sides
 Suspend respiration
33
Facial Bones OM Patient Position
Central Ray
Horizontally & perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
Exit at acanthion
Anatomy Demonstrated
Zygoma, maxilla, inferior orbital margin, inferior portion of frontal bone,
maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, nasal spine and septum
34
Facial Bones OM Anatomy
 Facial Bones15PA( Caldwell See Page 40)
Lateral Facial Bones (Trauma)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
85
40
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
35
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 The patient lies supine on the trolley or x-ray table
Part Position
 the midsagittal plane aligned to the long axis of the trolley
 Interpupillary line parallel to the floor.
 The cassette is supported alongside the affected side of the face parallel
to the midsagittal plane.
 the chin is raised to bring the orbital Meatal line vertical.
Central Ray
 Horizontally & perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
 To a point midway between the outer canthus of the aye and the EAM.
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Facial bones (superimposed) roof of orbits, Zygoma and mandible
Facial Bones (Modified Waters)
Exposure factors
KV
80
mAs
40
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
36
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect facing the bucky.
Part Position
 Extend neck resting chin and nose against the bucky surface.
 Adjust head until lips- Meatal line perpendicular to plane of bucky
 OML forms a 55with bucky plane
 Align midsagittal plane perpendicular to and in line with the midline of
bucky.
 Prevent rotation and tilting of the head
 Collimate to outer margins of skull on all sides
 Suspend respiration
Central Ray
Horizontally & perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
Exit at acanthion
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Zygoma, maxilla, inferior orbital margin, inferior portion of frontal bone,
maxillary, ethmoid and frontal sinuses, nasal spine and septum
 Orbital floors & Less distorted view of the entire orbital rims
Achanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) ( Trauma )
Exposure factors
KV
80
mAs
40
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
37
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 The patient lies supine on the table
Part Position
 Midsagittal plane aligned central to the top
 The chin is depressed until the orbital Meatal line is at 90 degrees to the
trolley top,
 A small pad may be needed below the occipital bone to achieve this
comfortably.
 The Interpupillary line should be parallel to the trolley top.
Central Ray
20cephalic
Centre Point
To mid maxilla
Anatomy Demonstrated
Inferior orbital margin, maxilla, nasal bones, Zygoma and Zygomatic arches
Facial Bones (Nasal Bones)
Basic
 Lateral
 Parietoacanthial ( Waters method ; see p. 59 )
Special
 Superoinferior ( Axial)
38
Lateral Nasal bones
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
55
3-4
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 The patient sits erect facing the erect film
 The patient can be examined in semi prone position
Part Position
 the head is turned so that the side of the face is in contact with the
bucky
 median sagittal plane parallel to the film
 Interpupillary line parallel to the floor.
 This position requires the patient to sit upright as close as possible to
the bucky.
Central Ray
 Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
 ½ inch inferior to Nasion
Anatomy Demonstrated
39
 Nasal bone and associated soft tissue structures.
 Nasofrontal suture
 Anterior nasal spine
Nasal Bones Superoinferior (Axial)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
40
Grid
Film/Screen
combination
60
6
100
Fine
Yes
Regular
Patient Position
 The patient lying in the prone position on table
Part Position
 Place angled support under film holder
 Extend and rest chin on film holder as demonstrated below
 Adjust film perpendicular to Glabelloalveolar line
 Align median sagittal plane to mid line and perpendicular to film holder
 Collimate on all sides to nasal bones
 Suspend respiration during exposure.
Central Ray
 Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
 To Nasion
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Tangential projection of mid nasal and distal nasal bones and
nasal soft tissue
Facial Bones (Optic Foramina)
Basic
 Parietoorbital ( Rhese )
 Parietoacanthial (Waters see page 59 )
Special
 Modified Waters ( see page 62 )
41
Parietoorbital (Rhese)
Exposure factors
KV
80
mAs
40
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect facing the bucky.
Part Position
 Position patient chin, cheek, and nose against table/upright bucky surface.
 Adjust head so that the midsagittal plane forms a 53 angle with bucky
 Align acanthiomeatal line perpendicular to plane of bucky
 Collimate on all sides to obtain ailed size of 4 inches square
 Prevent rotation and tilting of the head
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 This projection sometimes referred to as a (Three point landing position )
(Chin, cheek and nose)
Central Ray
 perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
 To down side orbit
Anatomy Demonstrated
42
 Cross section of each optic canal
 Nondistorted view of the optic foramin projected into the lower outer quadrant
of orbit
Facial Bones (Mandible)
Basic
 Axiolateral
 PA 0and  2025Cephalic
 AP Axial ( Townes)
Special
 Submentoertex
43
Axiolateral Mandible
Exposure factors
KV
75
mAs
25
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect
Part Position
 Place head in a lateral position with side of interest contact with film holder
 If possible have patient close mouth and bring teeth together
 Extend neck to prevent cervical spine superimposition by chin
 Rotate head in an oblique direction ( the degree of rotation depends on
area of mandible to be demonstrated
- Head in true lateral best demonstrates Ramus
- 30rotation towards bucky demonstrates Body
- 45rotation best demonstrates mentum
- 10to15rotation best provide general survey of mandible
 collimate n all sides of mandible
 Suspend respiration during exposure
Central Ray
 Angled 25cephalad
Centre Point
 Angle of mandible
Anatomy Demonstrated
44
 Body and Ramus of mandible closet to the film.
Mandible Rt. oblique Radiograph
PA 0and  2025Cephalic
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
45
Grid
Film/Screen
combination
75
25
100
Fine
Yes
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect
Part Position
 Dentures and oral jewellery should be removed.
 The patient sits erect facing the bucky,
 Midsagittal plane in the midline of the film,
 Coronal plane parallel to the film
 Interpupillary line parallel to the floor.
 The chin is lowered to bring the OML at 90 degrees to the film
 collimate on all sides of mandible
 Suspend respiration during exposure
Central Ray
 PA : perpendicular to film holder
 PA Axial angle central ray 2025Cephalic
Centre Point
 For PA exit at junction of lips
 For axial PA exit at acanthion
Anatomy Demonstrated
Mandibular rami and the body superimposed on the cervical spine.
46
PA Mandible
AP Axial Mandible ( Towens)
47
Patient Position
 Same description as Townes for cranium ( Page ---- )
Part Position
 Same description as Townes for cranium ( Page ---- )
 Collimate to mandible including TMJs
Central Ray
 Angled 35to 40Caudally
centre Point
 To Glabella ( mid way between EAMs and angles of mandible
Submentovertix Mandible
Same descripton as SMV for cranium( Page ---) in addition to
 Collimation to mandible area
 Centre point 4 cm inferior to mandibular symphysis
 Entire mandile with coronoid and condyloid processes will be visulized
Facial Bones (Tempromandibular Joints)
Basic
 AP Axial ( Modified Townes)
Special
 Axiolateral 15Oblique ( Law)
 Axiolateral ( Schuller)
48
AP Axial ( Modified Towens )
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
85
40
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
.Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect AP against the bucky
Part Position
 Align midsagittal plane perpendicular to and in line with the midline of
bucky and central ray.
 Tuck chin in to bring the OML 90to film.
 Collimate on all sides to region of interest
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Projections must be taken with open and closed mouth for comparison
Central Ray
 Angled 35Caudally from OML
 Or 42Caudally from IOML
centre Point
49
2 inches anterior to EAMs ( 1 inch anterior to level of TMJs)
Anatomy Demonstrated
Condyloid processes of mandible and Tempromandibular fossa
TMJs Axiolateral 15Oblique (Law)
Parietoorbital (Rhese)
Exposure factors
50
KV
80
mAs
40
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect
Part Position
 Rest lateral aspect of head against bucky surface .
 Move patients body in an oblique direction for patient comfort
 Maintain Interpupillary line perpendicular to film holder
 From lateral rotate face towards bucky surface 15
 Collimate on all sides to obtain field size about 4 inches square
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Projections must be taken with open and closed mouth for comparison
Central Ray
 15caudad
Centre Point
 4 cm superior to upside EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Tempromandibular joint nearst the film is visible with out superimposition
of opposite TMJ and without superimposition by cervical spine
 Close mouth image demonstrates condyle within mandibular fossa
51
 In open mouth the condyles moves to the anterior margin of the
mandibular fossa
Axiolateral ( Schuller)
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect
Part Position
 Rest lateral aspect of head against bucky surface .
 Adjust head into a true lateral position
 Maintain Interpupillary line perpendicular to film holder
 Align MSP parallel with film holder
 Collimate on all sides to obtain field size about 4 inches square
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Projections must be taken with open and closed mouth for comparison
Central Ray
 25to 30caudad
Centre Point
 5 cm superior to upside EAM
Facial Bones (Zygomatic Arches)
Basic
 Submentovrtex (SMV)
 Oblique Inferosuperior( Tangential)
 AP Axial (Modified Townes)
52
 Parietoacanthial ( Waters)
Zygomatic arches (SMV)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
65
6-10
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect, with his back to the bucky
Part Position
 .Take care with this technique; it is not suitable for trauma patients
 a small pillow is placed behind the shoulders and the patient extends the
neck until the orbital Meatal baseline is parallel to the film
 the Interpupillary line parallel to the floor and the median sagittal plane at
90 degrees to the film
 Apply thyroid protection with lead rubber
 Collimate to outer margin of Zygoma
Central Ray
 Horizontally & perpendicular to film holder
53
Centre Point
 Midway between Zygomatic arches ( 4 cm inferior to Mandibular
symphysis
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Zygomatic arches projecting laterally from each Zygomatic and temporal
bone
Oblique Inferosuperior( Tangential)
Exposure factors
54
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
Grid
65
6-10
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect, with his back to the bucky
Part Position
 .Rest chin, hyper extending neck until IOML is parallel to film holder
 Rest head on vertex of skull
 Rotate head 15towards side to be examined
 Also tilt chin 15towards side of interest
 Collimate on all sides to within 1 inch of Zygomatic bone and arches
Zygomatic bone
Zygomatic Arch
Temporal bone
Central Ray
 Horizontally & perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
 Zygomatic arch of interest
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Single Zygomatic arch free from superimposition with parietal bone or
mandible
Radiography of Para nasal sinuses/Mastoids & temporal bones
55
Para nasal Sinuses
Basic
 Lateral
 PA ( Caldwell)
 Parietoacanthial (Waters)
Special
 Submentovrtex (SMV)
 Parietoacanthial trans oral
(Open mouth Waters)
Mastoids
Basic
 Axiolateral oblique ( Modified law)
 Axiolateral oblique ( Stenvers)
 AP Axial ( Townes)
Special
 Axiolateral ( Schuller)
 Axiolateral oblique ( Reverse Stenvers)
Temporal Bones / Petrous Pyramids
Basic
 AP Axial ( Townes )
 Submentovrtex (SMV)
Para nasal Sinuses (PNS)
Basic
 Lateral
 PA ( Caldwell)
 Parietoacanthial (Waters)
Special
 Submentovrtex (SMV)
 Parietoacanthial trans oral
56
Lateral PNS
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
85
40
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient erect facing the bucky,
Part Position
 Rotate head to the side in question, to bring the median Sagittal plane
parallel to the film.
 Adjust head into a true lateral position
 The Interpupillary line should be perpendicular to film holder
 Suspend respiration during exposure
Central Ray
Perpendicular to film holder
57
Centre Point
Mid way between outer canthus and EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated




Sphenoid sinuses
Superimposed frontal , ethmoid and maxillary sinuses
Sella turcica
Superimposed orbits
Note
 Erect lateral with horizontal beam is essential to demonstrate air-fluid level
Otherwise horizontal lateral is recommended
 Allow a short time with patient erect for the fluid to settle
PA PNS (Caldwell)
Exposure factors
58
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
Grid
75
50
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient erect facing the bucky,
Part Position
 Place patient nose and forehead against upright bucky
 Adjust neck extended to elevate OML 15from horizontal
 Adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Collimate to area of sinuses
 If bucky can be tilted15the patient forehead and nose can e supported
directly to bucky with OML perpendicular to the bucky surface
Central Ray
Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
Mid way between outer canthus and EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Frontal sinuses
 Anterior ethmoid air cells
Parietoacanthial (Waters)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
59
Grid
Film/Screen
75
50
100
Fine
Yes
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient erect facing the bucky,
Part Position
 Extend neck placing chin and nose against upright bucky
 Adjust head until mento Meatal line (MML) is perpendicular to bucky
 OML form a 37angle with the plane of bucky
 Adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Collimate to area of sinuses
Central Ray
Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
Mid way between outer canthus and EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Maxillary sinuses free from superimposition with petrous ridge
 Oblique view of the frontal sinuses
PNS Submentovrtex (SMV)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
60
Grid
Film/Screen
75
50
100
Fine
Yes
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 sits erect, with his back to the stand bucky
Part Position
 Raise chin , hyper extending neck if possible until IOML parallel to table
 Head rest on vertex of skull
 Align midsagittal plane perpendicular to mid line of bucky
 Apply thyroid protection with lead rubber
 Ensure no rotation or tilt
 Suspend respiration during exposure

Central Ray
Perpendicular to IOML
Centre Point
Midway between the angles of the mandible
(2 inches inferior to Mandibular symphysis)
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Sphenoid sinuses
 Ethmoid sinuses
 Nasal fossa
 Maxillary sinuses
PNS Parietoacanthial trans oral
(Open mouth Waters)
Exposure factors
61
KV
mAs
FFD
Focus
Grid
75
50
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient erect facing the bucky,
Part Position
 Extend neck placing chin and nose against upright bucky
 Adjust head until mento Meatal line (MML) is perpendicular to bucky
 OML form a 37angle with the plane of bucky
 Adjust midsagittal plane perpendicular to midline
 Ask patient to open mouth by dropping jaw without moving head
 Centre cassette to acanthion
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Collimate to area of sinuses
Central Ray
Perpendicular to film holder
Centre Point
Mid way between outer canthus and EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Maxillary sinuses free from superimposition with petrous ridge
 Sphenoid sinuses through the open mouth
 Oblique view of the frontal sinuses
Mastoids
Basic
 Axiolateral oblique ( Modified law)
 Axiolateral oblique ( Stenvers)
 AP Axial ( Townes)
Special
62
 Axiolateral ( Schuller)
 Axiolateral oblique ( Reverse Stenvers)
Axiolateral oblique (Modified law)
Exposure factors
KV
75
mAs
25
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect
Part Position
 Rest lateral aspect of head against bucky surface.
 Tape auricle forward to avoid superimposing mastoid
 Move patients body in an oblique direction for patient comfort
 Maintain Interpupillary line perpendicular to film holder
 From lateral rotate face towards bucky surface 15
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Examine both sides for comparison
 Collimate closely to field size approximately 4 inches square
Central Ray
 15caudad
Centre Point
63
Exit at down side mastoid tip ( 1 inch posterior and superior to up side EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
Lateral perspective of the mastoid air cells and bony labyrinths nearest film
Axiolateral oblique ( Stenvers)
Exposure factors
KV
75
mAs
25
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient prone or sits erect
Part Position
 Adjust chin to bring IOML perpendicular to film holder
 Tape auricle forward to avoid superimposing mastoid
 Move patients body in an oblique direction for patient comfort
 Rotate head 45With the side of interest downside
 Align downside mastoid region to film centre
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Examine both sides for comparison
 Collimate closely to field size approximately 4 inches square
64
Central Ray
 12cephalad
Centre Point
3-4 inches posterior and ½ inch inferior to upside EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Petrous pyramids in profile
 The bony labyrinth
 The tympanic cavity
 Internal auditory canal and mastoid air cells with mastoid tip
65
Mastoids AP Axial ( Townes)
Exposure factors
KV
mAs
75
25
FFD
Focus
Grid
100
Fine
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
.Patient Position
 Patient supine or sits erect A.P. against the bucky
Part Position
 Align midsagittal plane perpendicular to and in line with the midline of
bucky and central ray.
 Tuck chin in to bring the OML 90to film.
 Collimate to outer margin of skull
 Suspend respiration during exposure
Central Ray
 Angled 30caudad to OML or 37To IOML
 Angled 30Caudally for anterior clinoid processes
Centre Point
 2 inches above Glabella
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Dorsum sella and posterior clinoids in foramen magnum
 Bilateral petrous pyramids
 Mastoid air cells and boy labyrinth
66
Mastoids Special views
Axiolateral (Schuller)
Exposure factors
KV
75
mAs
25
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient semi prone erect or recumbent
Part Position
 Rest lateral aspect of head against bucky surface.
 Tape auricle forward to avoid superimposing mastoid
 Move patients body in an oblique direction for patient comfort
 Maintain Interpupillary line perpendicular to film holder
 Align midsagittal plane parallel to film holder
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Examine both sides for comparison
 Collimate closely to field size approximately 4 inches square
Central Ray
 25to 30caudad
Centre Point
1 ½ inch superior and posterior to upside EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Lateral perspective of the mastoid air cells & bony labyrinths nearest film
 Condoyle of mandible and TMJ visualized anterior to mastoid air cells
67
Mastoids
Axiolateral oblique ( Reverse Stenvers)
Exposure factors
KV
75
mAs
25
FFD
100
Focus
Fine
Grid
Yes
Film/Screen
combination
Regular
Patient Position
 Patient erect or supine
Part Position
 Rotate head 45away from side of interest.
 Adjust chin bringing IOML perpendicular to bucky surface
 Align elevated mastoid region to film centre
 Suspend respiration during exposure
 Examine both sides for comparison
 Collimate closely
Central Ray
 10caudad
Centre Point
1 inch anterior and ¾ inch superior to elevated EAM
Anatomy Demonstrated
 Elevated side petrous ridge
 Elevated side TMJ visualized anterior to mastoid air cells
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Temporal Bones / Petrous Pyramids
Basic
 AP Axial ( Townes ) See Page 41
 Submentovrtex (SMV) See page 45
Review Questions
A/ Name the lines& planes illustrated in the diagrams below
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B/ Circle the most suitable answer
The Anthropological line
1. The Isometric “Baseline” which runs from the inferior orbital margin to the
upper border of the external auditory Meatus (EAM)
2. The line connects the centres of the orbits and is at 90 degree to the
median sagittal plane.
3. This line passes at 90 degrees to the anthropological line through the
centre of the external auditory meatus.
The Orbital- Meatal Line
1. The Isometric “Baseline” which runs from the inferior orbital margin to the
upper border of the external auditory Meatus (EAM)
2. The line connects the centres of the orbits and is at 90 degree to the
median sagittal plane
3. The original “Baseline” which runs from the Nasion through the outer
canthus of the eye to the centre of the external auditory meatus.
All the following are cranial bones except
1. Lacrimal bones
2. frontal and occipital bones
3. Parietal bone
The towens (AP Axial Skull) well demonstrates
1. maxillary sinuses
2. occipital bone
3. base of skull
The submentovertical projection well demonstrates
1. the frontal bone
2. the orbits
3. the skull base
All Para nasal sinuses well demonstrated in
1. lateral projection
2. oblique projection
3. towens projections
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The Skull is made up of eight cranial bones
1. Nasal, Lacrimal, Maxillary, Zygomatic, Palatine, Nasal, Vomer
and Mandible.
2. Frontal, Occipital, (Right & Left) Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and (
Right & Left) Temporal
3. Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Maxillary,
and Zygomatic.
4. Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Zygomatic,
and Glabella
In the PA axial skull (Caldwell) projection the central ray angulation is
1. 12 degrees caudally
2. 10 degrees caudally
3. 15 degrees caudally
4. 20 degrees caudally
In positioning orbits we use what anatomical landmarks?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Forehead, nose, and chin
Forehead, nose, and Zygoma
Nose, chin, and jaw
Zygoma, nose, and chin
When imaging the Mastoid process many things should be taken in
Consideration.
1. High-resolution imaging system must be used with perfect film screen
contact and clean screens.
2. Use the smallest possible field size, and a complete head
immobilization.
3. A small Focal Spot no larger than 0.6 mm, and folded the ear forward
4. All of the above
Mastoid study should be performed in the upright position?
1. True
2. False
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C/ List the central ray &centre point for the following projections below
Projection
Central ray
Waters
Caldwell
Towens
Axiolateral (Schuller)
for mastoid air cells
Submento vertical
Lateral sella turcica
PA mandible
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Centre point