Download unit 4 landscape development

Landscape Development
Basic Landscapes
Landscapes
_________________Earth’s surface visible from any given point on the
land or from space.
Hill slopes
1. __________________________The angle of slope (gradient) and the
shape of hill slopes can be observed, measured, and identified.
Stream patterns
2. __________________________streams can be identified and
grouped by patterns.
______________________area drained by a stream of
Drainage basin
system of streams.
Soil associations
3.____________________________soils with similar characteristics.
- grouped on the basis of composition, particle size and
shape, organic content, porosity and permeability, and the
maturity of the soil (soil horizons).
Landscape Regions
Landscape Regions- landscapes with similar characteristics.
- in NYS they are grouped by Elevation,
type of bedrock and stream drainage pattern
1. _______________a large mass of land which rises to a
Mountains
great height above its surroundings.
2. _______________Plateaus
large regions having horizontal rock
structures at high elevations above sea
level.
- streams cut steep valleys in them
(gorges).
3. _______________Plains
an extensive region of low elevation
where the land is level or gently rolling.
Reference Table Map
This symbol
divides different
landscape types.
i.e. plains, plateaus
or mountains
This symbol
divides the same
landscape region,
just the names are
different
- physiographic provinces-landscape regions with similar characteristics
- any continental landmass has several distinctive physiographic
provinces.
Factors Affecting Landscapes
Uplifting forces
1. _______________________Forces which build
mountains, enlarge continents, and
generally raise or roughen the Earth’s surface.
- Earthquakes, folding, faulting, tilting, volcanic
activity, continental drift, sea- floor spreading
Leveling forces
2. _______________________Forces which lower the
elevation of the Earth’s surface through
subsidence and erosion.
- the major cause of leveling is gravity
Factors Affecting Landscapes
3. climate- changes in temperature and moisture.
a. arid- steep slopes, angular features.
b. humid- smooth with gentle rolling hills
c. glaciers- jagged cliffs or U-shaped valleys,
polished bedrock, scratched or grooved
bedrock Glacial Features Diagrams
Factors Affecting Landscapes
4. running water- the most powerful and important
erosional
agent in shaping landscapes.
- responsible for the development of valleys and the
hills and ridges between valleys.
- streams in arid regions are usually temporary,
and often drain into landlocked lakes
(lakes that don’t drain into the ocean)
Factors Affecting Landscapes
5. soil associations
- shallow and poorly developed soils- arid regions,
regions with large amounts of rainfall
- well developed soilsregions with moderate temperatures and
moderate amounts of moisture
Bedrock the big factor!
Bedrock- the characteristic shape of many landscapes is
largely determined by the type of bedrock and its
structure.
- harder or more resistant the rock- less weathering and
erosion.
- hard rocks produce steep cliffs (escarpments),
mountains and plateaus
- soft rocks produce more gradual slopes,
weak rocks underlie valleys
_____________________ridge that separates two gently
escarpment
sloping surfaces.
_____________________produce circular ridges and
domed landscape
escarpments.
Pay attention to the diagrams!
Drainage Patterns
Dendritic pattern
1. _______________________branches in a way similar to
the limbs or roots of trees.
- found on plains and plateaus, where the rock
layers are horizontal.
Trellis pattern
2. _______________________develops in valley-and-ridge
terrain, where rocks of different hardness are
folded.
Radial pattern
3. _______________________found where streams radiate
out from a central point on a large single peak,
such as on a volcano or rounded hill.
Rectangular pattern
4. _______________________develops in a strongly jointed
and faulted area.
5. Annular Pattern - develops where folding has occurred
Dendritic
Trellis
Radial
Annular
Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
1. young landscape- erosion is beginning.
Sharp, craggy hills
Steep slope, fast moving streams
Narrow V-shaped valleys
Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
2. mature landscape- Low rounded hills and broad flat
valleys.
Streams are no longer eroding
downward, but are side cutting.
Building meanders and
floodplains
Time and Landscapes: What to look for?
3. old landscape- Uplands have been eroded to almost sea
level
- area has become a peneplane- a region that has been reduced
by erosion to a nearly flat surface.
- Poor drainage system with almost no gradient,
Many meanders and wide floodplains
Meandering stream
Glacial Features
2. Horns- 3-sided peaks
3. Cirques – bowl
shaped erosion
scars
1. Arêtes- jagged ridges
Hanging valleys
5. Kettles &
kames –
formed by
melt water
Kame –
stream
flowing on
glacier
Kettle- ice
blocks
4. Moraines
– deposits of
glacial till
left by
7. Eskers – snaking hill,
glaciers
stream deposits from
under glacier
Glacial Features
6. Drumlins –
elongated piles of
glacial till
Marks end
of glacier’s
advance
8. Outwash plains – melt water
deposits, sorted by size, has
layers of different sediments
Glacial Features
U-shaped valley
Glacier Animation
notes
Recessional
Moraine
Terminal
Moraine