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DNA, mRNA, and Protein Synthesis What is DNA? DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid Functions: Store and transmit genetic info Contains the blueprint for making proteins Location and Structure of DNA Location: Nucleus Structure: Double stranded, often called double helix Composed of three part nucleotides: Deoxyribose (sugar) Phosphate (PO4) Nitrogen base (1 of 4): Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Base Pairing Rule Making Proteins DNA contains the instructions for building proteins Proteins are made at the ribosomes DNA cannot leave the nucleus How does DNA’s information get to the ribosome? Cell DNA Transcription Translation mRNA Ribosome Polypeptide (protein) ©1998 Timothy G. Standish Messenger RNA (mRNA) Structure Ribonucleic acid: Single stranded Nucleotides composed of: Ribose (sugar) Phosphate Nitrogen bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Uracil (U) How does mRNA get DNA’s information to the ribosome? Process called Transcription: mRNA is made from a strand of DNA Location: nucleus mRNA leaves the nucleus and takes the information to the RIBOSOME where a protein will be made Transcription What happens when mRNA reaches the ribosome? TRANSLATION Genetic Code-language of mRNA mRNA is read in 3 part sequences called a codon (64 total) Every 3 part sequence codes for an amino acid Proteins are determined by the order in which amino acids are joined together There are 20 different amino acids which can combine to form many different proteins