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Renaissance achievements
Middle Ages art and sculpture
Donatello 1386-1466: relief developing perspective, bronze statues
Da Vinci 1452-1519: THE Renaissance man. Artist, anatomist,
inventor, mathmetician
Durer 1471-1528: portraits, woodcuts, watercolor, landscapes, prints
Michelangelo 1475-1564: Painter and
sculptor
Raphael 1483-1520: painter: perspective,
shading, color
Bruegel 1525-1569: Peasant life and landscapes, brings importance to
the ordinary, secular, indiviualism
Aristotle Science
Copernicus
1473-1543 heliocentric theory, first to doubt Aristotle and prove it. Sun
was the center and the planets moved. Waited until death to publish
because scared of Catholic Church.
Galileo1564-1642: based his theories on observation leading to
scientific method, proves heliocentric theory, observes sun spots,
moons of Jupiter, developed telescopes, thermometer, physics: falling
bodies and laws of motion, heretic and lived under house arrest.
Brahe 1546-1601 stared at the stars and stared and stared and stared.
Believed sun orbited earth and other planets orbited sun.
Kepler 1571-1630 worked for Brahe and knew the math to explain the
true solar system.
He believed he was explaining God’s wonders. Also worked with optics
and light. Galileo and Kepler will exchange ideas.
Boyle 1627-1691:properties of air and volume, pressure, air pump,
chemistry, physics
Newton1642-1727: optics/prism, gravity, motion, confirmed heliocentric
theory, physics, religious philosophy, calculus
Descartes1596-1650 and Bacon1561-1626: The two men whose
combined ideas of empiricism: observe to know: became our modern
scientific method.
Middle Ages believes World is flat
Prince Henry the Navigator:1394-1460 Inspires exploration. His ships
explore new territories of Africa and surrounding islands but his
curiosity, school, findings, technology motivate others to go later.
Columbus: 1451-1506. Set out with funding from Spain’s monarchs to
find new trade routes and spices. Ended up finding Caribbean Islands
thinking he was in West Indies
Da Gamma: 1460-1524. First to sail from Europe to India. Built on
Henry and Dias to go even farther around Africa to India
Vespucci: 1454-1512 First to prove that New World was a fourth
continent and not part of Asia in1497
Magellan: 1480-1521. First to circumnavigate globe except he doesn’t
make it back to Spain because he dies in battle thinking God is
protecting him from harm
Middle Ages Literature
Chaucer and God/monks
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The Canterbury Tales contrasts with other literature of the period in
the naturalism of its narrative, the variety of stories the pilgrims tell
and the varied characters who are engaged in the pilgrimage. Many
of the stories narrated by the pilgrims seem to fit their individual
characters and social standing, although some of the stories seem
ill-fitting to their narrators, perhaps as a result of the incomplete
state of the work. Chaucer drew on real life for his cast of pilgrims:
the innkeeper shares the name of a contemporary keeper of an inn
in Southwark, and real-life identities for the Wife of Bath, the
Merchant, the Man of Law and the Student have been suggested.
The many jobs that Chaucer held in medieval society—page,
soldier, messenger, valet, bureaucrat, foreman and administrator—
probably exposed him to many of the types of people he depicted in
the Tales. He was able to shape their speech and satirize their
manners in what was to become popular literature among people of
the same types. (wikipedia, bad, bad, bad)
Cervantes 1547-1616. Don Quixote is one of the first satirical works
making fun of all parts of society. Mocking the feudal system and
Church as being outdated and out of touch.
Erasmus 1466-1536 In Praise of Folly points out the abuses and
corruption of the Catholic Church using satire
Thomas More 1478-1535. Utopia proposed that society is corrupted by
its leaders (Church and Government). A perfect society would be led by
moral and proper people. Beheaded
Rabelais 1494-1553. Gargantua and Pantagruel. Fantasy, fun,
raunchy, funny, a story just to tell a story although individualism and
humanism is included.
Montaigne 1533-1592. Developed the essay, (Of Cannibals most
famous)just take a topic and write about it. Had never really been done
before and contributes to intellectual development of Europe.
Individualism!
Shakespeare 1564-1616. Poet, playwright: tragedies, comedies,
histories, contributes to English nationalism, helped shape modern
English language
Middle Ages Politics: Feudal
system and God
Medici Family 1449-17th century. Wealthy from wool trading and banking and
rule Florence for hundreds of years. 3 popes, married into royal families, wage
war for influence, MAJOR patrons of the arts (da Vinci, Michelangelo, tutored
by Galileo
Machiavelli 1469-1527 defines political theory in The Prince. The theory is that
the prince or authority must do whatever he needs to do to keep justice and
power. Moral virtue comes from a stable state. A prince is not to be loved, he is
to be obeyed. “It is better to be obeyed than loved.” The ends justify the means.
Back to humanist ideas of Plato and other political scientists.
Pope Leo X 1475-1521. More secular than papal. Funded many Renaissance
projects and sold Church offices and indulgences to pay for it. Protestant
Reformation and break of Henry VIII under his reign. Fought wars to keep
Catholicism around Europe and to keep foreign influence out of Vatican.
Castiglione 1478-1529. Wrote The Courtier which explained that a prince
should be well-rounded, a true Renaissance man who could paint, write a
poem, fight with a sword, woo a woman, rule the people with respect but also
maintain order. Even explained how women should act properly.
Elizabeth I 1533-1603. Ruled England 40 years and fought off the
Spanish, spread trading routes into New World, settled Protestant/
Catholic issue, supported music and theater (Shakespeare),
Ivan IV 1530-1584. First Czar of Russia. Started well by centralizing power and
standardizing law and punishment, created a standing army and allowed a
legislative body, also gave power to local authorities to make decisions for their
land, expanded Russian borders. But then started to standardize serfdom, use
his secret police, slaughter enemies, accidentally killed his son.