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Unit 4: World War II 1 From Isolation, Instability and Fascism to Pearl Harbor 2 World War Looms Communist Soviet Union Stalin Nazi Germany Hitler Fascist Italy Mussolini 3 Unit 4: Academic Vocabulary Collectivism Fascism Gas Chamber Comintern Inflation Final Solution Kulaks Weimar Republic SS Pravda Atheism Crematorium Proletariat Gulag Loyalists Propaganda Marxism Monarchy Maginot Line Totalitarianism Nationalists Treaty of Versailles Holocaust Republic Chancellor Genocide Atlantic Charter Axis Power Isolationists Lend-Lease Act Neutrality Tyranny 4 Essential Question: What internal calls to action and outside factors led up to the United States involvement in World War II? 5 Main Idea The rise of rulers with total power in Europe and Asia led to World War II Why It Matters Now Dictators of the 1930’s and 1940’s changed the course of history, making world leaders especially watchful for the actions of dictators today 6 Following WWI, Woodrow Wilson introduced his 14 Points to Congress. Included all WWI Allies except Russia- Central Powers were not included. The 14th point called for the creation of the League of Nations Would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war. *The League of Nations would prove to be highly ineffective in the years leading up to World War Two 7 The Treaty of Versailles caused more harm than good. - Hitler was filled with more hatred and feelings of revenge - The Soviets resented the carving up of Russia - New democratic governments that emerged in Europe after WWI floundered; without a democratic tradition, people turned to Totalitarian Leaders to solve their economic and social problems Faces of Totalitarianism 8 9 Essential Question: Why was the Soviet Union considered a threat to Western democracies in the 1920s and 1930s? 10 Stalin Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) 11 Stalin took control of USSR after Lenin died in 1924ideas of both men would threaten worldwide revolution Focused on creating a model communist state Made agriculture & economic growth his prime economic goals 12 Communism- a system of social organization in which all economic and social activity is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party. a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership 13 Abolished all privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives: large government-owned farms Stalin outlined several 5-year plans to direct industrialization Soviet propaganda poster: "Comrade, come join the kolkhoz!" Kolkhoz- Soviet collective farm 14 Under Stalin, the government owned all business By 1937, only the U.S. surpassed the USSR in overall production Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power (responsible for the death of 8-13 million people). Kulas: peasant farmers who owned their own land 15 The Great Purge in 1934-1938 was Stalin’s policy of imprisoning and executing former communist leaders charged with being counter-revolutionaries. The Bolshevik Revolution set off the “Red Scare” in the United States which was a general fear of communism and the support of U.S. labor strikes. Communists= Reds 16 Essential Question: What economic conditions made Germany and Italy vulnerable to the extreme political ideas of Hitler and Mussolini after WWI? 17 Benito Mussolini 18 Italy faced high unemployment & inflation in early 1920’s Inspired by Russian revolutions, strikes all over the country erupted, people seized land, middle & upper classes demanded stronger leadership Benito Mussolini, a former journalist & newspaper editor, became active in the socialist movement 19 A powerful speaker, Mussolini knew how to appeal to Italy’s wounded national pride He won the support of many discontented Italians 1921- established the Fascist Party Fasces- symbol of unity and authority in ancient Rome 20 Fascism-A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, stringent socioeconomic controls, suppression of the opposition through terror and censorship, and typically a policy of belligerent nationalism and racism. Mussolini gradually extended Fascist control to every aspect of Italian life 21 Adolf Hitler 22 The Treaty of Versailles created an economic crisis in Germany as it struggled to pay off debts…The crisis lead to the rise of Hitler After WWI, Hitler was a jobless soldier drifting around Germany 1919- Hitler joined the German Worker’s Party He proved to be a very powerful public speaker and eventually became the party’s leader 23 24 Hitler promised to bring Germany out of chaos and people believed he would Nazism- German brand of Fascism- based on extreme Nationalism What is the difference between Nazism and Fascism? 25 3 GOALS OF NAZISM: 1. Unite all German-speaking people in a great German Empire 2. Racial Purification 3. National Expansion 26 Racial purification In Hitler’s view, Germans-especially blue-eyed, blondehaired “Aryans”-formed a “master race” that was destined to rule the world. Hitler wanted to secure for the German people the land and soil to which they are entitled on this earth, even if this could be accomplished only by the might of a victorious sword. 27 By mid 1932, the Nazis became the strongest political party in Germany January, 1933- Hitler was appointed chancellor and he quickly dismantled Germany’s democratic Weimar Republic He established the Third Reich or Third German Empire. 28 According to Hitler, the Third Reich would be a “Thousand-Year Reich”- it would last for a thousand years. The Third Reich lasted for 12 years 29 Essential Question: The Soviet Union, Italy, and Germany had Totalitarian forms of government before World War II. How did each country control culture and oppress individual expression? 30 In the Soviet Union, the Communist Party used terror, secret police, and censorship. Violent “purges” were large-scale executions of individuals accused of being counter-revolutionaries. Religions were persecuted The state seized the property of the Russian Orthodox Church and Jewish synagogues 31 Under Mussolini: Propaganda efforts encouraged men to be “warrior like” Women lost paying jobs and were encouraged to win “motherhood” Youth groups were taught the glories of Rome 32 In Germany… The Nazis wanted to “purify” Germany culture Modern art and jazz were condemned Books were banned Non-Aryan’s were disposed of….literally Essential Question How did the Spanish Civil War of 1936 help form political alliances leading up to World War II? The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between monarchy peasants that ended the privileges to the ruling class. As a result, a republic was established with a constitution The struggles for reform between the Nationalists and Loyalists caused the following problems in Europe: Spanish General Francisco Franco led a revolt with a group called the Nationalists which started the civil war Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and support to Franco Volunteers from Italy, Germany, and Soviet Union fought the Loyalists (ruling class) The US, France, and Britain remained neutral 36 Militarists Gain Control in Japan 37 1920’s- Japan’s Gov’t moved towards Democracy Japan’s military forces remained independent of the Gov’t These military men wanted: 1. To lessen Japan’s reliance on foreign imports 2. Reduce the influence of Western countries in Asia 3. To Promote Japanese expansion throughout Asia 38 Manchurian incident- a section of Japan’s south Manchurian railway was dynamited by several Japanese junior officers Japan’s military accused the Chinese and this provided the excuse for Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931 39 July 7, 1937- Japanese and Chinese troops clash near Beijing- this incident soon developed into a full-scale war Japan launched devastating bombing raids against Chinese cities The U.S. condemned Japan’s actions and refused to back Japanese expansion 40 Failure of the League of Nations Representatives were sent to Manchuria to investigate the incident Their report condemned Japan, who in turn simply quit the league 41 1933- Hitler pulled Germany out of the League 1935- Hitler begins a military build-up in violation of the Treaty of Versailles 42 1936- Ethiopia falls to Italy & Mussolini The League of Nations responded with an economic boycott 43 Roosevelt cannot keep the U.S. Neutral (morally) Continues to send military supplies to China 44 War in Europe Hitler’s Early Expansion… 1. Union with Austria- The majority of Austria’s 6 million people were Germans who favored unification with Germany. March 12, 1938- German troops marched into Austria unopposed 45 2. Annexation of the Sudetenland (western border regions of Czechoslovakia)- Hitler wanted this land to provide more living space for Germany as well as to control its important Natural Resources. 46 France & Britain promised to protect Czechoslovakia Before the German’s invaded, Hitler invited the French premier Daladier and British prime minister Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich. Hitler promised that the Sudetenland would be his “last territorial demand.” 47 Left to right: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolinisigning of the Munich agreement 48 Soviet poster of 1930-s by Kukryniksy showing Western powers giving Hitler Czechoslovakia on a dish. Inscription in the flag:"On towards the East!" 49 Daladier & Chamberlain believed him Chamberlain’s satisfaction was not shared by Winston Churchill, Chamberlain’s political rival in Great Britain. Winston Churchill 50 Churchill claimed that Chamberlain and Daladier adopted a shameful policy of Appeasement- or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. Read Churchill quote- p. 538 Churchill was right- Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939 and he gloated saying, “ Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.” 51 Soviet Union declares Neutrality and signs the Nonaggression pact with Germany. Part of this agreement between Hitler and Stalin was to divide up Poland 52 Germany Invades Poland- September 1, 1939 Hitler claimed that Germans living in Poland were mistreated by the Poles and needed his protection. German tanks raced across Poland, spreading terror and confusion. This invasion was the first test of Germany’s newest military strategy, the Blitzkrieg, or lightning war. On Sept. 3rd, Britain & France declared war on Germany 53 Hitler takes on France & Britain Hitler’s generals sent their tanks through the Ardennes, a region of wooded ravines in northeast France, thereby avoiding British and French troops who thought that region was impassable. The German offensive trapped almost 400,000 British & French soldiers They fled across the English Channel to safety 54 June 22, 1940- Hitler handed French officers his terms of surrender. The Battle of Britain Because Germany’s Navy could not compete with that of Britain, Germany launched an air war. 55 German pilots bombed London every night for two solid months At first, they only targeted airfields and aircraft Eventually, they targeted cities and innocent civilians 56 Battle of Britain Facts Germany had twice as many fighter planes as Britain Germany lost more than twice as many planes as Britain The failure of the German Air force to defeat the British was the first defeat of the Nazi Regime “ Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” -Churchill Why did the British win? Radar 57 The Holocaust 58 April 7th, 1933, shortly after Hitler took power in Germany, he ordered all “non-Aryans” to be removed from government jobs. That was one of the first moves in a campaign for racial purity that eventually led to the Holocaust- the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews. 59 Anti-Semitism, or hatred of the Jews, became official government policy of the 3rd Reich Hitler’s Security Squadrons (SS) were ordered to round up Jews from their homes and force them into Ghetto’s, and later to prison camps 60 November 9-10 became known as Kristallnacht or “Night of the Broken Glass Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany. Marked a step-up in the Nazi policy of Jewish persecution 62 To make it easier for the Nazis to identify them, Jews had to wear a bright yellow Star of David attached to their clothing. 63 Hitler’s “Final Solution” * Hitler became obsessed with a desire to rid Europe of its Jews * He imposed a policy of Genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population. 64 The Condemned Political opponents of the Nazis Gypsies Freemasons Jehovah’s Witnesses Homosexuals Mentally deficient Mentally ill Disabled Incurably ill Railway leading to Auschwitz 65 Concentration Camps Entrance to Auschwitz – “Work will make you free” 66 Jews not killed on the spot, were crammed onto rail cars and taken to prison camps and later, to death camps When prisoners arrived at Auschwitz, the largest of the death camps, they had to parade by several SS doctors. With a wave of the hand, the doctors separated those strong enough to work from those who would die that day. Both groups were told to leave their belongings behind, with a promise they would be returned later. 67 Those destined to die were then led into a room outside the gas chamber and were told to undress for a shower. To complete the deception, the prisoners were even given pieces of soap 68 Auschwitz Crematorium 69 Oskar Schindler Responsible for saving almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust Itzak Stern, Jewish accountant 70 Amon Goeth-Nazi Officer 71 America Moves Toward War 72 The United States maintained a position of isolationism and neutrality as Britain stood alone against Hitler What was the Cash and Carry Policy, the LendLease Act, and the Atlantic Charter? What did these three things say about the U.S.’s position during WWII in 1941? 73 September, 1939- Congress passed a “cash-and-carry” provision that allowed warring nations to buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships. Providing arms, Roosevelt argued, would help France and Britain defeat Germany and keep the U.S. out of the war. 74 Summer of 1940- Roosevelt scrambled to provide the British with “all aid short of war” Not long after Roosevelt was elected to a 3rd term, he told the American people that it would be impossible to negotiate a peace with Hitler. Roosevelt proposed that the U.S. had to help defeat the Axis threat by turning itself into “ the great Arsenal of Democracy” 75 By late 1940, however, Britain had no more cash to spend in the arsenal of democracy. Roosevelt came up with a new plan called the Lend Lease policy. The president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States.” Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act in March, 1941. 76 Increased Aggression by the German submarines To prevent delivery of lend-lease shipments, Hitler deployed hundreds of U-boats to attack supply ships. Attacks began killing U.S. sailors and civilians so Roosevelt gave the ok for merchant ships to shoot German subs on sight 77 The Atlantic Charter was formed by President Roosevelt and Winston Churchill in 1941. Charter set goals for the war including to end Nazi tyranny. These three actions by the U.S. suggested the U.S. position of neutrality and isolationism was coming to an end- The U.S. was involved in and preparing for the war 78 Japan Attacks the United States 79 Essential Question What events contributed to the tension between the United States and Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941? 80 Japan’s Ambitions in the Pacific Japan wanted to unite East Asia under Japanese control by seizing the colonial lands of the British, Dutch, and the French. More importantly, Japan wanted the natural resources that could be found in the Pacific They began by taking over French military bases in Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos). 81 The U.S. responded by cutting off all trade with Japanincluding one item Japan could not live without- oil to fuel its war machine Japan’s military leaders warned that without oil, Japan could be defeated without its enemies ever striking a blow 82 Japan’s leader General Tojo Hideki, and other Japanese wanted to gain control of the lands in Asian and the Pacific Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, knowing that the U.S. Pacific fleet would be their only obstacle in achieving this goal This would be the quickest and most efficient way in eliminating Japan’s problem 83 84 Dec 7th, 1941 Japan attacks U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor “A date which will live in infamy”-FDR Dec 8th- U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan 2,403- U.S. Casualties 64- Japanese Casualties 85 USS Arizona Memorial The United States in WWII Early Difficulties… When the United States entered the war, the Axis powers had two big advantages. What were they? 1. Germany, Italy, & Japan had already secured firm control over the areas they invaded. The U.S. thus faced a fight on many fronts, including western Europe, the Pacific, the Mediterranean, & N. Africa. 2. Germany was better prepared for war. Since 1933 it had been preparing and building up their military. The U.S. didn’t begin preparing until 1940. Fighting in Europe & the Mediterranean By the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Axis powers, which now included Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, firmly controlled much of the western theater of operations-Europe and the lands around the Mediterranean Sea Throughout most of 1942, the Axis powers racked up one victory after another. German U-Boats controlled the Atlantic Ocean, sinking Allied military and merchant ships and nearly cutting off British supply lines. Wolf Packs increase in numbers In Europe, German troops had penetrated far into the Soviet Union. Soviets lost many industrial centers as well as rich grain fields in the Ukraine. Essential Question What is the significance of the Allied successes in North Africa? In North Africa, Italian forces had launched an invasion in 1940. When British troops later began to inflict heavy damage on the Italians, Hitler sent in the German Africa Korps under the commander Erwin Rommel the “desert fox.” Africa Korps Rommel was gearing up for an advance at the Suez Canal and the oil fields of the Middle East. Rommel suffered most from shortages of men and supplies. The British, led by General Montgomery, pushed Rommel’s Africa Korps steadily westward out of Egypt and into Libya. This British victory in the Battle of El Alamein helped turn the corner for the Allies in North Africa. Ended Axis hopes of controlling the Suez Canal and gaining access to the oil fields of the Middle East. El Alamein Operation “Torch” After Montgomery pushed the Italian and German forces into Libya, other Allied forces landed in northwest Africa under the command of General Eisenhower. Allied planes and ships cut Axis supply lines. After fierce fighting in Tunisia, some 250,000 Axis troops surrendered in May, 1943. North Africa offered a gateway to the Italian island of Sicily. Taking Sicily would give the Allies a launching pad for an invasion of the Italian mainland. Almost 500,000 Allied troops landed in July 1943 and subdued Sicily in a little over a month. The Italian king named a new prime minister and ordered Mussolini’s arrest. In September the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies. Two days later the Allies invaded southern Italy to attack the Germans. Another turning point came in the fall of 1942, when the Soviets attacked German troops in Stalingrad. Throughout a terrible winter the Germans hung on, forbidden by Hitler to surrender. Importance of capturing Stalingrad for Hitler: Holding Stalingrad would secure his army’s left flank while they advanced towards the oil-rich Caucasus region- with a goal of cutting off fuel to Stalin’s war machine Trapped in the ruined city with few supplies and little food, the Axis troops finally surrendered in February, 1943. After the Battle of Stalingrad, less than 1/3 of the original German force of almost 300,000 remained alive. Did women play an important role in the Battle of Stalingrad? How so? 1. Many units made entirely of women fighting alongside the men 2. Ability to shoot strait made their sniper positions crucial in halting the Germans 3. Medical role, dispatches The Home Front Essential Question How did the United States economy change from a peacetime economy to a wartime economy? After Pearl Harbor, America switched from a peacetime to a wartime economy. Between 1940 and 1945, U.S. war plants produced millions of planes, tanks, jeeps, and guns. Shipbuilders produced thousands of ships, creating a powerful navy and merchant marine. War production helped create an economic boom. The number of jobless workers, still over 2.5 million in 1942, sank to fewer than 700,000 in 1944. The boom led to vast population shifts. More than four million workers left their homes to find work in war-industry factories in other states. Government expansion The War Production Board (WPB) directed the conversion of existing factories to wartime production and supervised the building of new plants. The WPB assigned raw materials to industry, including scrap iron from factories and recyclable tin, aluminum, and fats (used in bullets) from homes. The WPB also coordinated the production and distribution of consumer goods. For instance, it diverted nylon to making parachutes. The WPB even regulated clothing styles in order to save fabric; canceled for the duration of the war were cuffs on men’s trousers and pleats in women’s skirts. Directing the Economy In order to pay for the war, the government increased by m than 10 times the number of Americans who had to pay income tax. The new taxes included most middle-and lower income groups for the first time. The rest of the money cam from borrowing, mainly through war bonds The government took other anti-inflationary steps as well. One was rationing, which reduced consumer demand by limiting how much people could buy. Rationed items included gasoline, heating fuel, tires, coffee, sugar, meat, butter, and canned goods. Victory gardens proliferated in an attempt to increase the war effort Raising an Army In 1940 the United States passed the Selective Training and Service act, which provided for the first peacetime draft in American history. The law required the registration of all men between ages 21 and 35 (age limits later extended from 18-37). Local draft boards determined fitness and deferred men for family, religious, or health reasons. Of the some 15 million members of the armed services during WWII, about 2/3 were draftees and the rest were volunteers, including more than 300,000 women. Promoting the War As it mobilized the nation’s resources, the government also worked to keep morale high. This was especially important in the early days of the war, when Allied troops faced many setbacks. The government encouraged the media to do their part. Moviemakers, songwriters, and radio station programmers responded by urging all-out participation in the war effort. Movie stars advertised war bonds and traveled overseas to entertain the troops. Bob Hope was widely known for taking his comedy show wherever our military was stationed. The government urged women to enter the job market to replace departing servicemen and to help win the war against fascism. From 1940 to 1944 the number of women in the labor force increased by more than four million. Advertisements and a popular song promoted “Rosie the Riveter,” the symbol of patriotic women defense workers. Rosie The Riveter A negative aspect on the home front was the imprisonment, or internment , of Japanese Americans living on the Pacific coast. Essential Question Why were Japanese Americans placed into internment camps? As a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. citizens feared another attack and war hysteria seized the country State representatives put pressure on President Roosevelt to take action against those of Japanese descent living in the U.S. On February 19, 1942 FDR signs an executive order interning thousands of Japanese Approximately 120,000 people of Japanese descent were removed from their homes and place in _______________ camps around the United States. Topaz, Utah The U.S. justified their actions by claiming that there was a danger of those of Japanese descent spying for the Japanese More than 2/3 of those interned were American citizens and ½ of them were children In some cases families were separated into different placed into different camps with very little notice Defeat of the Axis Powers VS **Summary** American supplies and troops began to make a difference in the war by late 1942. But it would take over two more years of hard fighting to defeat the Axis powers. The Allied invasions of North Africa, Italy, and France and the fierce bombardments of German cities forced Germany to surrender in May 1945. In the Pacific, meanwhile, the U.S. seized Japanese held islands, including the Philippines. Atomic attacks devastated Japan, and it surrendered in August 1945. The Invasion of France D-Day June 6, 1944- some 150,000 American, British, & Canadian soldiers crossed the English Channel and landed on the beaches of Normandy in northern France. Over 23,000 Airborne troops landed as well Operation Overlord Shortly after midnight, 3 Divisions parachuted down behind German lines. They were followed in the early morning hours by thousands of seaborne soldiers- the largest landsea-air operation in army history. To divert the enemies attention, the Allies used misinformation -wrong or inaccurate information We set up a phantom army with its own headquarters and equipment Radio messages were sent ordering this make-believe army to invade the port of Calais- 150 miles away from the Normandy Beaches Hitler ordered his generals to keep a large army at Calais GREAT BRITAIN Portsmouth Calais Paris FRANCE As the troops landed on the beaches they were fired at instantly. Many were shot before they departed the boats. Those who landed on Omaha Beach suffered the most casualties. Although the Allies met determined opposition, they penetrated 15 miles into France in less than 1 week. The Allies moved steadily eastward and liberated Paris on August 25, 1944. 101st Airborne with captured Nazi flag, 2 days after landing at Normandy Another Allied force moved northward through France from the Mediterranean Soviet troops pressed Germany from the east By September 1944, the Allies had crossed the German border. The Germans launched their last counterattack in the thickly wooded Ardennes region of Belgium and northern France, pushing them westward creating a bulge in the Allied lines. In the resulting Battle of the Bulge, some 200,000 Germans attacked an initial American force of around 80,000. Allied Generals rushed reinforcements to the front and they pushed the Germans back. On April 30th, 1945, Hitler committed suicide in his bunker deep under the ruins of Berlin. German armies all over Europe stopped fighting. Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7th, 1945 How was the D-Day invasion of France critically important to the overall Allied victory in Europe? The Invasion allowed coalition forces to penetrate deep into Europe and eventually surround Hitler and liberate the concentration camps War In The Pacific Essential Question What were the Allied strategies used to win the war in the Pacific? Throughout the month of December 1941, Japan launched attacks on several American islands, the Philippines, and on various British possessions. By the end of the month, Japan controlled Guam, Wake Island, the British colony of Hong Kong, and Thailand. In the Philippines, a small force of Americans and Filipinos under General Douglas MacArthur mounted a heroic but hopeless resistance against the Japanese. After the Japanese took Manila, the capital of the Philippines, MacArthur’s forces withdrew to the Battan Peninsula. MacArthur was ordered to Australia but vowed, “I shall return.” 70,000 American and Filipino survivors of the fighting were marched through the jungle on their way to prison camp. Some 10,000 died on what came to be called the Battan Death Match News of this atrocity sparked outrage in the US, as shown by this propaganda poster. The newspaper clipping shown refers to the Bataan Death March. By the summer of 1942, the Japanese were poised to strike west at China south at Austria and east through Hawaii. At this crucial point, however, the Allies succeeded in halting the Japanese advance in the Pacific. Allied Strategy: 1. Air, land, and naval forces would seize Japanese held islands in the central Pacific and set up air bases there. Island Hopping 2. Combined forces would retake New Guinea & the Philippines. Ultimate Strategy: to get with striking distance of Japan At the Battle of the Coral Sea. Allies intercepted Japanese forces attempting to take over Port Moresby, New Guinea. This battle stopped the Japanese advance on Australia. Japan now focused on crushing the Pacific Fleet. They launched a two-pronged attack. One unit succeeded in occupying two of the Aleutian Islands, near Alaska. This move was designed to divert American ships to the north while the Japanese carried out their second offensive, an attack on Midway two small islands northwest of Hawaii. That was a good idea, however, the Americans knew it was coming because we broke the Japanese fleet code. We assembled aircraft carriers and destroyers north of Midway to fend off the Japanese attack. The Battle of Midway proved crucial for the Allies. Japan lost not only ships and planes but also a number of skilled pilots many of whom had taken part in the Pearl Harbor attack. ** Turning Point The Battle of Midway provided Americans with valuable experience in naval warfare and gave people confidence in the carrier-based strike force. After Midway, the Allies launched their first offensive at Guadal Island one of the Solomon Islands just northeast of Australia. The American fleet defeated the Japanese in a very bloody battle. After this, the war in the Pacific had finally turned in the Allies favor. Allied forces turned to a strategy of Island Hopping where they would attack and seize only certain strategic Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. Battle of Leyte Gulf Last naval attack by the Japanese Disastrous for Japan, they lost 4 carriers, 3 battleships, & 12 destroyers. After Leyte Gulf the Japanese fleet no longer seriously threatened the Allies. First battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized Kamikazes attacks Lt (Chui) Yukio Seki ironically wearing a life preserver United States Australia Empire of Japan Commanders William Halsey, Jr (3rd Fleet) Thomas C. Kinkaid (7th Fleet) Takeo Kurita (Centre Force) Shoji Nishimura † (Southern Force) Kiyohide Shima (Southern Force) Jisaburo Ozawa (Northern Force) Strength 8 large aircraft carriers 8 light carriers 18 escort carriers 12 battleships 24 cruisers 141 destroyers and destroyer escorts Many PT boats, submarines and fleet auxiliaries About 1,500 planes 1 large carrier 3 light carriers 9 battleships 14 heavy cruisers 6 light cruisers 35+ destroyers 300+ planes (including land-based aircraft) Casualties and losses 1,500+ dead; 1 light aircraft carrier, 2 escort carriers, 2 destroyers, 1 destroyer escort sunk 10,000+ dead; 4 aircraft carriers, 3 battleships, 8 cruisers, 12 destroyers sunk Iwo Jima Mission: to gain control of the air base there *This would allow heavily-loaded bombers to reach Japan Iwo Jima was perhaps the most heavily-defended spot on earth, with 21,000 Japanese troops entrenched in tunnels and caves Important both strategically (air strips for re-fueling our bombers) and symbolically More than 6,800 Marines died taking this island 20,700 Japanese were killed Memorial at Iwo Jima Mt. Suribachi What is the significance of this picture? Mt. Suribachi was where the majority of the Japanese soldiers were hidden and was the strategic and essential terrain of Iwo Jima. Once the flag was raised on the top of the mountain, cheers and applause filled the air, blow-horns were sounded on the ships and the morale of the Marines was boosted instantly There were 24 Medals of Honor awarded to Marines, the highest number awarded for any battle in United States History Battle of Okinawa Bloodiest battle of the Pacific war Japan lost over 66,000- U.S. lost 12,000 700 kamikaze planes damaged 13 U.S. destroyers By early April, 1945, American victory in the Pacific was near. The top secret mission to create an atomic bomb was called the Manhattan Project. President Truman decided to give the order to use two atomic bombs on Japan. August 6th, 1945Hiroshima Killed more than 140,000 people Little Boy- dropped on Hiroshima • After Hiroshima, Japan still refused to surrender August 9th, 1945- Nagasaki Killed around 80,000 people Fat Man- Nagasaki The Fat Man Mushroom cloud resulting from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) into the air from the hypocenter Nagasaki before and after bombing Some of the survivors of the Hiroshima bombing Citizens of Hiroshima walk past the , the nearest building to have survived the city's atomic bombing in 1945 A day before the bombing of Nagasaki, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and began an invasion of Manchuria. Japan formally surrendered on September 2, 1945. Allied military personnel celebrating the Japanese surrender in Paris Point vs. Counterpoint Point “The only way to end the war against Japan was to bomb the Japanese mainland” Counterpoint Japan’s staggering losses were enough to force Japan’s surrender Essential Question What were several pros vs. cons of the United States dropping atomic bombs on Japan? Pros: Bomb would end the war and save American lives If bomb were not dropped project would have been viewed a a giant waste of money and also a sign of failure A successful bomb would give the U.S. an advantage over the Soviets Cons: Japan was already on the verge of surrender Immoral without fair warning as thousands of innocent lives would be lost Stage a demonstration on a deserted island near Japan U.S. could become a target if we become first country to use a weapon of this kind Rebuilding Begins: With Japan’s surrender, the Allies turned to the challenge of rebuilding war-torn nations Even before the last guns fell silent, they began thinking about principles that would govern the postwar world The Yalta Conference The “Big Three” meet in Yalta to toast the German defeat and discuss the fate of Germany and the postwar world Roosevelt Churchill Stalin Stalin, his country devastated by German forces, favored a harsh approach He wanted to keep Germany divided into occupation zones controlled by Allied military forced- so that Germany would never again threaten the Soviet Union Churchill strongly disagreed Roosevelt acted as a mediator Roosevelt was prepared to make concessions to Stalin for two reasons: 1. He hoped that the Soviet Union would stand by its commitments to join the war against Japan (first test of the atom bomb was still 5 months away) 2. Wanted Stalin’s support for a new world peace keeping organization, to be named the United Nations Yalta produced a series of compromises: To pacify Stalin, Roosevelt convinces Churchill to agree to a temporary division of Germany into four zones: American zone British zone Soviet Zone French zone Churchill and Roosevelt assumed that, with time, all the zones would be brought together un a reunited Germany Stalin promises “free and unfettered” elections Stalin agrees to join in the war against Japan Stalin agrees to participate in an international conference in San Francisco- Roosevelt’s dream of a UN would become reality The Nuremberg Trials Besides geographic division, Germany had to pay another price for its part in the war The discovery/liberation of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, peace, and war crimes Trials held in the southern German town of Nuremberg 12 of 24 defendants were sentenced to death The Occupation of Japan Occupied by Americans for seven years following WWII Hideki Tojo and other Japanese officials put on trial and some sentenced to death General MacArthur reshaped Japan’s economy by introducing free market practices that led to a remarkable economic recovery MacArthur also worked to transform Japan’s government Called for a new constitution that would provide for woman suffrage and guarantee basic freedoms To this day…Japan’s constitution is known as the MacArthur Constitution