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Biomechanics chapter 4 of Resistance Exercise General Myology Musculoskeletal System • Skeleton – Muscles function by pulling against bones that rotate about joints and transmit force through the skin to the environment. – The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. • Skeletal Musculature – A system of muscles enables the skeleton to move. – Origin = proximal (toward the center of the body) attachment – Insertion = distal (away from the center of the body) attach-ment Figure 4.1 Key Terms • agonist: The muscle most directly involved in bringing about a movement; also called the prime mover. • antagonist: A muscle that can slow down or stop the movement. • Muscles of Facial Expression Muscles of facial Expression Masticatory muscles • The masseter • The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others) • The medial pterygoid • The lateral pterygoid Masticatory muscles Each of these primary muscles of mastication is paired, with each side of the mandible possessing one of the four Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Upper limb musculature Figure 4.5 Posterior view of upper limb Lower limb musculature • • • • • • • • • • • • Iliac crest. b) Anterior superior iliac spine. c) Genu of the lateral condyle (femur and tibia). d) Tibia. e) Patella. f) Tarsal cruciate ligament. g) Retinaculum musculorum extensorum inferius. h) Retinaculum musculorum flexorum. m. tensor fascia lata. fascia lata. m. gluteus medius. m. gluteus maximus. m. sartorius. m. rectus femoris. m. vastus lateralis. m. biceps femoris (long head). m. biceps femoris (short head). m. tibialis anterior. m. extensor digitorum (communis) longus. Aponeuroses of abdominal muscles 21. External Obliques 22. Rectus Abdominus 23. Sheath of the straight muscle of the abdomen 31. Sartorius 32. Rectus Femoris 33. Pectineus 35. Adductor Longus Psoas Major A fusiform muscles B unipennate C bipennate The groups, layers of bodily muscles 17 Synovial Bursae Synovial Bursae Synovial tendon sheath 39. Gastrocnemius 40. Soleous 45. Fibularis Longus 41. Calcaneal Tendon 46. Inferior Retinaculum of the Extensor Muscles 44. Extensor Digitorum Brevis What is the Synovial tendon sheath? • Where the tendons cross joints, they are sheathed in thin membranes known as synovium, which provide lubrication to decrease friction The groups, layers of bodily muscles 24 Section 2 The Muscles of Trunk . The muscles of back trapezius, latissimus, levattor scapulae, rhomboid muscles erector spinae (sacrospinelis) thoracolumbar fascia . The muscles of thorax 1) The extrinsic muscles pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior 2) The intrinsic muscles intercostales extrerni, intercostales interni . The diaphragm . The muscles of abdomen 25 26 27 28 29 Section 3 The Muscles of Head and Neck . The muscles of head 1. The facial muscles 2. The masticatory muscles . The muscles of neck 1. The superficial group plytama, sternocleidomastoid 2. The hyoid muscle 1) The suprahyoid muscles digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid 2) The infrahyoid muscles 30 31 32 Section 4 The Muscles of Upper Limb 33 34 35 36 37 Section 5 The Muscles of lower Limb 38 39 40 41 42 43 44