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Newton’s Third Law of Motion –
Action and Reaction
Newton’s Third Law of Motion –
Action and Reaction
 For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.
7.1 Forces and Interactions
 A force is always part of a mutual action that involves
another force.
 Interaction – A mutual action between one thing and
another
 Hammer and nail
 Fan
7.2 Newton’s Third Law
 Newton’s third law states that whenever one object
exerts a force on a second object, the second object
exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.
 One force is called the action force. The other is called
the reaction force.
 “To every action there is always an equal and opposite
reaction.”
 Walking (Hovercraft)
 Car
7.3 Identifying Action and Reaction
 Falling ball
 Action: Object A exerts a force on object B.
 Reaction: Object B exerts a force on object A.
 To identify a pair of action – reaction forces, first
identify the interacting objects A and B, and if the
action is A on B, the reaction is B on A.
7.4 Action and Reaction on
Different Masses
 Falling Ball
 The Earth – Sun interaction
(Star wobble predicting planets)
 Bowling ball – Hovercraft
 Cannon ball: F/m=
a
m=a
Cannon: F/
 A given force exerted on a small mass produces a
greater acceleration than the same forces exerted on a
large mass.
7.4 Action and Reaction on
Different Masses
 Balloon
 Rocket (no need to push against the ground or the air)
 Lift
 Hockey
7.5 Defining Systems
 If action reaction forces are equal and opposite, don’t
they always cancel each other?
 Free-Body Diagram
 Eraser stationary on shelf
 Eraser with velocity on shelf
 Action and reaction forces do not cancel each other
when either of the forces is external to the system
being considered.
7.5 Defining Systems
 Equal and opposite (balanced) forces applied to the
same object are balanced.
 Newton’s third law involves equal and opposite forces
applied to different objects.
7.6 The Horse-Cart Problem
 Read “Horse Sense” cartoon (figure 7.14) on page 115.
 If the horse in the horse-cart system pushes against
the ground with greater force than it pulls on the cart,
there is a net force on the horse, and the horse-cart
system accelerates.
7.7 Action Equals Reaction
 For every interaction between things, there is always a
pair of oppositely directed forces that are equal in
strength.
 “If you push hard on the world, the world pushes hard
on you. If you touch the world gently, the world will
touch you gently in return.”