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ice wedging igneous rock immune system impact basin impermeable imprinting incandescent light inclined plane incoherent light incomplete dominance independent variable index fossils index of refraction indicator inertia infectious disease mechanical weathering process that occurs when water freezes in the cracks of rocks and expands, causing the rock to break apart. rock formed when magma or lava cools and hardens. complex group of defenses that protects the body against pathogens—includes the skin and respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. a hollow left on the surface of the Moon caused by an object striking its surface. describes materials that water cannot pass through. occurs when an animal forms a social attachment to another organism during a specific period following birth or hatching. light produced by heating a piece of metal, usually tungsten, until it glows. simple machine that consists of a sloping surface, such as a ramp, that reduces the amount of force needed to lift something by increasing the distance over which the force is applied. light that contains more than one wavelength, and travels in many directions with its crests and troughs unaligned. production of a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous parents. factor that, as it changes, affects the measure of another variable. remains of species that existed on Earth for a relatively short period of time, were abundant and widespread geographically, and can be used by geologists to assign the ages of rock layers. property of a material indicating how much light slows down when traveling in the material. organic compound that changes color in acids and bases. resistance of an object to a change in its motion. disease caused by a virus, bacterium, fungus, or protist that is spread from an infected organism or the environment to infrared waves inhibitor innate behavior inorganic compound insight instantaneous speed instinct insulator integrated circuit intensity interference internal combustion engine intertidal zone intrusive invertebrate involuntary muscle ion another organism. electromagnetic waves that have a wavelength between about 1 mm and 750 billionths of a meter. substance that slows down a chemical reaction or prevents it from occurring by combining with a reactant. behavior that an organism is born with and does not have to be learned, such as a reflex or instinct. compound, such as H2O, that is made from elements other than carbon and whose atoms usually can be arranged in only one structure. form of reasoning that allows animals to use past experiences to solve new problems. speed of an object at a given point in time; is constant for an object moving with constant speed, and changes with time for an object that is slowing down or speeding up. complex pattern of innate behavior, such as spinning a web, that can take weeks to complete. material in which electrons are not able to move easily. tiny chip of semiconductor material that can contain millions of transistors, diodes, and other components. amount of energy that flows through a certain area in a specific amount of time. occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave. heat engine that burns fuel inside the engine in chambers or cylinders. part of the shoreline that is under water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide. describes a type of igneous rock that generally contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth’s surface. animal without a backbone. muscle, such as heart muscle, that cannot be consciously controlled. electrically-charged atom whose charge results from an atom losing or gaining electrons. ionic bond ionization ionosphere isobars isomers isotherm isotopes attraction formed between oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound. process in which electrolytes dissolve in water and separate into charged particles. layer of electrically charged particles in the thermosphere that absorbs AM radio waves during the day and reflects them back at night. lines drawn on a weather map that connect points having equal atmospheric pressure; also indicate the location of high- and low-pressure areas and can show wind speed. compounds with identical chemical formulas but different molecular structures and shapes. line drawn on a weather map that connects points having equal temperature. atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.